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ESA1: MCBG > Basic Cell Structure > Flashcards

Basic Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Label all structures the structures A-H seen in the image.

A

A: cytoplasm

B: lysosome

C: Golgi Complex

D: mitochondria

E: Endoplasmic reticulum

F: Nucleus

G: Plasma Membrane

H: Ribosome

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2
Q

State the structure, function and disease associated with an error in the:

  • Nucleus
A

Nucleus

Structure: Stained spherical structure that acts as the cell’s control centre.

Functions:

  • DNA synthesis & repair,
  • RNA synthesis,
  • RNA processing & ribosome assembly.

Disease Associated:

  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • Huntington’s disease
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3
Q

State the structure and function of the following structures:

  • Nucleolus
  • Nuclear envelope
A

Nucleolus

Structure : Darker stained circular region with the nucleus (centre of nucleus)

Function : Ribosome synthesis

Nuclear membrane/envelope

Structure: Partially permeable double-membrane.

Function: Has nuclear pores for the passage of substances

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4
Q

State the structure, function and the disease associated with an error in the:

  • Cytoplasm
A

Cytoplasm

Structure: Contains enzymes, cellular organlles, and amino acids. Primarily made out of water.

Function: Cell morphology & movement.

Disease:

  • Hunter’s disease
  • Faybry disease
  • Krabbe disease
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5
Q

State the structure, function and the disease associated with an error in the:

  • Ribosomes
A

Ribosomes

Structure: Tiny circular structures which:

  • attahced to the rER
  • lie freely in the cytoplasm

Function: Protein synthesis

Disease:

  • Bone marrow failure
  • Diamond blackfin anaemia
  • Cancer
  • Dyskeratosis congenita
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6
Q

Distinguish between free and bound polyribosomes in terms of protein production.

A
  • Free polyribosomes synthesise proteins which remain in the cytoplasm
  • Bound polyribosomes show protein synthesis and segregation into the rough ER
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7
Q

State the structure, function and the disease associated with an error in the:

  • Plasma membrane
A

Plasma membrane

Structure: Partially permeable membrane that encloses contents of cells

Function:

  • Regulates export of proteins (secretory vesicles)
  • Transport of ions and small molecules

–

  • Selective permeability
  • Transport of materials along cell surface
  • Endocytosis and exocytosis
  • Intercellular recognition
  • Barrier to water-soluble molecules

–

Disease:

  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Sickle cell anaemia
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8
Q

Describe the structure of plasma membranes.

A
  • Composed of a phospholipid bilayer
  • Hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails
  • Associated membrane proteins: Integral and peripheral proteins
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9
Q

Outline 4 features of the Fluid Mosaic Model

A
  • Hydrophobic fatty acid tails in the middle
  • Hydrophilic heads on the outside
  • Membrane proteins: integral proteins, peripheral proteins
  • Phospholipids form a bi-layer
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10
Q

State the structure and function of the following:

  • sER
  • rER
A

Smooth ER

Structure : Network of tubes and flat curved sacs

Function:

  • Detoxification reactions
  • Fatty acid synthesis
  • Lipid & steroid synthesis

Rough ER

Structure: Folded membranes studded with ribosomes

Function: Site of protein/membrane synthesis

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum.

A
  • ER membrane is continuous and encloses a single lumen
  • sER does not have ribosomes attached
  • rER has ribosomes attached
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12
Q

State the structure and function of the following:

  • Lysosome
A

Lysosome

Structure: Generated by the Golgi Apparatus

Funtion: Produces hydrolytic enzymes that aid in digesyion and excretion of substances

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13
Q

Distinguish between primary and secondary lysosomes in terms of their formation and function.

A

Primary lysosome:

I. Formed from the Golgi apparatus

II. Does not release intracellular contents

Secondary lysosome:

I. Formed by the fusion of the primary lysosome and an endocytotic/phagocytotic vesicle

II. Releases intracellular contents/waste products

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14
Q

State the structure and function of the following:

  • Golgi complex
A

Golgi complex

Organelle that processes, modifies and repackages proteins produced in the rER for release at the cell membrane via secretory vesicles

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15
Q

State the structure and function of the following:

  • Microtubules
  • Centriole
  • Microvillii
A

Microtubules : part of the cell’s cytoskeleton, aid movement of substances through cytoplasm

Centriole: composed of two cylinders of tubules; essential to cell reproduction

Microvilli: projections which increase the cell’s surface area

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16
Q

State the structure and function of the following:

  • Microfilament
  • Vacuole
  • Cytoskeleton
A

Microfilament: provides support for the cell; sometimes linked to cell’s outer membrane

Vacuole: sac that stores and transport ingested materials, waste products and water

Cytoskeleton: internal framework of the cell, made up of microfilaments and hollow microtubules

17
Q

Describe the structure and function of mitochondria.

A

Mitochondrion

Double-membraned organlle where energy is released. Contains circular DNA, 70S ribosomes

  • Site of ATP synthesis for metabolic reactions (oxidative phosphorylation)
  • Metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides
18
Q

How are mitochondrias inherited?

A

Female lineage

19
Q

What are the two types of chromatin?

A

Euchromatin and Heterochromatin

Euchromatin

  • does no stain strongly, lighter packaging

Heterochromatin

  • stains more intensely, indicating tighter packing
20
Q

What is limit of resolution?

A

Limit of resolution – the minimum distance at which two objects can be distinguished

21
Q

Outline the general structure of prokaryotic cells.

A
  • Prokaryotic cells have an external membrane but no internal membranes
  • All the biochemical processes of the cell occur in the same compartment
22
Q

Identify 7 primary components of the prokaryotic cell

A
  • Capsule
  • Cell wall
  • Plasma membrane
  • Flagella
  • 70s Ribosomes
  • Nucleoid
  • Pili
23
Q

Outline the general structure of a eukaryotic cell.

A
  • Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalised by internal membranes.
  • Hence, eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and true organelles
24
Q

Identify 10 primary components of the eukaryotic cell.

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Vacuole
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Nucleolus
  • Chromosomes
  • Lysosome
  • ER (rER and sER)
  • Golgi Complex
  • Free ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
25
Q

What is glycocalyx?

A
  • The glycocalyx is the cell coat
  • It is made up of oligosaccharide and polysaccharide side chains on the outside of the plasma membrane
26
Q

Identify 4 functions of the cytoskeleton

A
  • Determines the shape of animal cells
  • Ensures movement of cells
  • Structural support and movement of cell organelles
  • Provides the framework for moving and separating cells during cell division
27
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Microtubules are long hollow cylinders made of the protein tubulin

28
Q

Where are microtubules found?

A

Sites where structures are moved (i.e. nerve fibres, the mitotic spindle, cilia and flagella)

29
Q

How do bacterial, plant and mammalian cells differ in terms of:

  • Cell Wall
A

Plant: Cellulose cell walls

Animals: None

Bacterial: Murein cell walls

30
Q

How do bacterial, plant and animal cells differ in terms of:

  • Cell Nucleus
A

Plant: Controls activity of the cell. Each nucleus surrounded by a double membrane that has nuclear pores.

Animal: Most have nucleus (except RBCs - refered to as anucleated cells). Some have >1 nuclei (hepatocytes, refered to as coenocytes).

Bacterial: None

31
Q

How do bacterial, plant and animal cells differ in terms of:

  • Plasmids
A

Plant: None

Animal: None

Bacterial: Present. Plasmid is a molecule of DNA that can replicate independently. Double-stranded, circular and capable of replicating within a suitable host.

32
Q

How do bacterial, plant and animal cells differ in terms of:

  • Mitochondria
A

Plant + Animal: Present. Outer membrane is smooth. Inner membrane folds to form cristae, increases the inner membrane’s surface area. Site of ATP synthesis, metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids & nucleotides

Bacterial: None

33
Q

How do bacterial, plant and animal cells differ in terms of:

  • Ribosomes
A

Plant + Animal: 80S ribosomes. Site of protein synthesis. Can exist as free ribosomes or are attached to the rER. Made in the nucleolus.

Bacterial: 70S ribosomes.

34
Q

How do bacterial, plant and animal cells differ in terms of:

  • Chloroplasts
A

Plant: Choloroplasts are present and contain the pigment chlorophyll.

Animal: None

Bacterial: None

35
Q

How do bacterial, plant and animal cells differ in terms of:

  • Permanent Vacuole
A

Plant: Large central permenant vacuole. Contains cell sap; water ions etc. Mains turgidity of the cell.

Animal : None

Bacterial : None

36
Q

Identify the following structures:

  • Heterochromatin
  • Zymogen granules
  • Nuclear envelope
  • rER
A
37
Q

Identify the following structure from this micrograph:

  • Cytoplasmic extension (CE)
  • Pinocytic vesicle (PV)
  • Golgi body (G)
  • Lysosome (L)
  • Nucleolus
A

ESA1: MCBG (23 decks)

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