Basic Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Label all structures the structures A-H seen in the image.

A

A: cytoplasm

B: lysosome

C: Golgi Complex

D: mitochondria

E: Endoplasmic reticulum

F: Nucleus

G: Plasma Membrane

H: Ribosome

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2
Q

State the structure, function and disease associated with an error in the:

  • Nucleus
A

Nucleus

Structure: Stained spherical structure that acts as the cell’s control centre.

Functions:

  • DNA synthesis & repair,
  • RNA synthesis,
  • RNA processing & ribosome assembly.

Disease Associated:

  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • Huntington’s disease
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3
Q

State the structure and function of the following structures:

  • Nucleolus
  • Nuclear envelope
A

Nucleolus

Structure : Darker stained circular region with the nucleus (centre of nucleus)

Function : Ribosome synthesis

Nuclear membrane/envelope

Structure: Partially permeable double-membrane.

Function: Has nuclear pores for the passage of substances

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4
Q

State the structure, function and the disease associated with an error in the:

  • Cytoplasm
A

Cytoplasm

Structure: Contains enzymes, cellular organlles, and amino acids. Primarily made out of water.

Function: Cell morphology & movement.

Disease:

  • Hunter’s disease
  • Faybry disease
  • Krabbe disease
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5
Q

State the structure, function and the disease associated with an error in the:

  • Ribosomes
A

Ribosomes

Structure: Tiny circular structures which:

  • attahced to the rER
  • lie freely in the cytoplasm

Function: Protein synthesis

Disease:

  • Bone marrow failure
  • Diamond blackfin anaemia
  • Cancer
  • Dyskeratosis congenita
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6
Q

Distinguish between free and bound polyribosomes in terms of protein production.

A
  • Free polyribosomes synthesise proteins which remain in the cytoplasm
  • Bound polyribosomes show protein synthesis and segregation into the rough ER
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7
Q

State the structure, function and the disease associated with an error in the:

  • Plasma membrane
A

Plasma membrane

Structure: Partially permeable membrane that encloses contents of cells

Function:

  • Regulates export of proteins (secretory vesicles)
  • Transport of ions and small molecules

  • Selective permeability
  • Transport of materials along cell surface
  • Endocytosis and exocytosis
  • Intercellular recognition
  • Barrier to water-soluble molecules

Disease:

  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Sickle cell anaemia
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8
Q

Describe the structure of plasma membranes.

A
  • Composed of a phospholipid bilayer
  • Hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails
  • Associated membrane proteins: Integral and peripheral proteins
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9
Q

Outline 4 features of the Fluid Mosaic Model

A
  • Hydrophobic fatty acid tails in the middle
  • Hydrophilic heads on the outside
  • Membrane proteins: integral proteins, peripheral proteins
  • Phospholipids form a bi-layer
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10
Q

State the structure and function of the following:

  • sER
  • rER
A

Smooth ER

Structure : Network of tubes and flat curved sacs

Function:

  • Detoxification reactions
  • Fatty acid synthesis
  • Lipid & steroid synthesis

Rough ER

Structure: Folded membranes studded with ribosomes

Function: Site of protein/membrane synthesis

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum.

A
  • ER membrane is continuous and encloses a single lumen
  • sER does not have ribosomes attached
  • rER has ribosomes attached
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12
Q

State the structure and function of the following:

  • Lysosome
A

Lysosome

Structure: Generated by the Golgi Apparatus

Funtion: Produces hydrolytic enzymes that aid in digesyion and excretion of substances

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13
Q

Distinguish between primary and secondary lysosomes in terms of their formation and function.

A

Primary lysosome:

I. Formed from the Golgi apparatus

II. Does not release intracellular contents

Secondary lysosome:

I. Formed by the fusion of the primary lysosome and an endocytotic/phagocytotic vesicle

II. Releases intracellular contents/waste products

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14
Q

State the structure and function of the following:

  • Golgi complex
A

Golgi complex

Organelle that processes, modifies and repackages proteins produced in the rER for release at the cell membrane via secretory vesicles

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15
Q

State the structure and function of the following:

  • Microtubules
  • Centriole
  • Microvillii
A

Microtubules : part of the cell’s cytoskeleton, aid movement of substances through cytoplasm

Centriole: composed of two cylinders of tubules; essential to cell reproduction

Microvilli: projections which increase the cell’s surface area

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16
Q

State the structure and function of the following:

  • Microfilament
  • Vacuole
  • Cytoskeleton
A

Microfilament: provides support for the cell; sometimes linked to cell’s outer membrane

Vacuole: sac that stores and transport ingested materials, waste products and water

Cytoskeleton: internal framework of the cell, made up of microfilaments and hollow microtubules

17
Q

Describe the structure and function of mitochondria.

A

Mitochondrion

Double-membraned organlle where energy is released. Contains circular DNA, 70S ribosomes

  • Site of ATP synthesis for metabolic reactions (oxidative phosphorylation)
  • Metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides
18
Q

How are mitochondrias inherited?

A

Female lineage

19
Q

What are the two types of chromatin?

A

Euchromatin and Heterochromatin

Euchromatin

  • does no stain strongly, lighter packaging

Heterochromatin

  • stains more intensely, indicating tighter packing
20
Q

What is limit of resolution?

A

Limit of resolution – the minimum distance at which two objects can be distinguished

21
Q

Outline the general structure of prokaryotic cells.

A
  • Prokaryotic cells have an external membrane but no internal membranes
  • All the biochemical processes of the cell occur in the same compartment
22
Q

Identify 7 primary components of the prokaryotic cell

A
  • Capsule
  • Cell wall
  • Plasma membrane
  • Flagella
  • 70s Ribosomes
  • Nucleoid
  • Pili
23
Q

Outline the general structure of a eukaryotic cell.

A
  • Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalised by internal membranes.
  • Hence, eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and true organelles
24
Q

Identify 10 primary components of the eukaryotic cell.

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Vacuole
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Nucleolus
  • Chromosomes
  • Lysosome
  • ER (rER and sER)
  • Golgi Complex
  • Free ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
25
What is glycocalyx?
* The **glycocalyx** is the cell coat * It is made up of oligosaccharide and polysaccharide side chains on the outside of the plasma membrane
26
Identify 4 functions of the cytoskeleton
* Determines the shape of animal cells * Ensures movement of cells * Structural support and movement of cell organelles * Provides the framework for moving and separating cells during cell division
27
What are microtubules?
**Microtubules** are long hollow cylinders made of the protein tubulin
28
Where are microtubules found?
Sites where structures are moved (i.e. nerve fibres, the mitotic spindle, cilia and flagella)
29
How do bacterial, plant and mammalian cells differ in terms of: * Cell Wall
Plant: Cellulose cell walls Animals: None Bacterial: Murein cell walls
30
How do bacterial, plant and animal cells differ in terms of: * Cell Nucleus
Plant: Controls activity of the cell. Each nucleus surrounded by a double membrane that has nuclear pores. Animal: Most have nucleus (except RBCs - refered to as anucleated cells). Some have \>1 nuclei (hepatocytes, refered to as coenocytes). Bacterial: None
31
How do bacterial, plant and animal cells differ in terms of: * Plasmids
Plant: None Animal: None Bacterial: Present. Plasmid is a molecule of DNA that can r**eplicate independently**. **Double-stranded, circular and capable of replicating within a suitable host**.
32
How do bacterial, plant and animal cells differ in terms of: * Mitochondria
Plant + Animal: Present. Outer membrane is smooth. Inner membrane folds to form **cristae**, increases the inner membrane's surface area. Site of ATP synthesis, metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids & nucleotides Bacterial: None
33
How do bacterial, plant and animal cells differ in terms of: * Ribosomes
Plant + Animal: 80S ribosomes. Site of protein synthesis. Can exist as free ribosomes or are attached to the rER. Made in the nucleolus. Bacterial: 70S ribosomes.
34
How do bacterial, plant and animal cells differ in terms of: * Chloroplasts
Plant: Choloroplasts are present and contain the pigment chlorophyll. Animal: None Bacterial: None
35
How do bacterial, plant and animal cells differ in terms of: * Permanent Vacuole
Plant: Large central permenant vacuole. Contains cell sap; water ions etc. Mains turgidity of the cell. Animal : None Bacterial : None
36
Identify the following structures: * Heterochromatin * Zymogen granules * Nuclear envelope * rER
37
Identify the following structure from this micrograph: * Cytoplasmic extension (CE) * Pinocytic vesicle (PV) * Golgi body (G) * Lysosome (L) * Nucleolus