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MCM Final > Basic Blood > Flashcards

Basic Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood consists of basically two parts, what are they?

A

Plasma—protein rich fluid

Formed elements (cells/cell fragments)

  • RBC
  • WBC
  • platelets
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2
Q

What is Hematocrit?

What is the difference in males and females?

A

Volume of RBC in a blood sample

Females have lower percentage of RBCs

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3
Q

When placed in a centrifuge, blood separates into three layers, what are they and what is in them?

A
  1. Plasma 55% : contains water protein (mostly albumin) and electrolytes
  2. Buffy coat <1% : contains platelets and WBCs
  3. Erythrocytes 44% : contains just RBCs
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4
Q

Interstitial fluid is derived from what?

A

Blood plasma

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5
Q

What is serum?

A

Serum=blood plasma - clotting factors

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6
Q

Describe albumin

A
  • main protein constituent in plasma
  • made in the liver
  • source of major colloid osmotic pressure
  • carrier for thyroxine, bilirubin, and barbiturates
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7
Q

There are 2 types of globulins, describe them both.

A
  1. Immunoglobulins (“yimmunoglobuilins”) are functional immunesystem molecules
  2. Non-immunoglobulins (alpha and beta) include fibronectin, lipoproteins, and coagulation factors, which all help to maintain the osmotic pressure and serve as carrier proteins.
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8
Q

Describe fibronectin

A
  • Largest plasma protein
  • made in the liver
  • fibrinogen is soluble, converted to monomers, then polymerized to form insoluble fibrin.
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9
Q

Describe erythrocytes

A
  • no nucleus or organelles
  • biconcave disc—provides extreme flexibility
  • line up as rouleaux
  • live for 120 days
  • always 7-8 microns, can be used a rulers
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10
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A
  • Immature RBCs that have been released from the bone marrow.
  • still have nuclear material or organelles
  • mature with in 24-48 hours
  • this can be a marker for disease process.
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11
Q

What are the integral membrane proteins in the erythrocyte skeleton? Describe them.

A
  1. Glycophorin C—attaches underlying cytoskeleton network to the cell membrane (band 4.1 protein complex)
  2. Band 3 protein—most abundant, binds hemoglobin and acts as anchoring site for cytoskeletal proteins (ankyrin and band 4.2)
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12
Q

What are the peripheral membrane proteins involved in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton and how to they interact?

A

They create 2D hexagonal lattice network

This lattice is composed of alpha-spectrin and Beta-spectrin.

Spectrin filaments are anchored by Band 4.1 proteins complex (interact with glycophorin C) and Ankyrin protein complex (ankyrin and band 4.2 that interacts with band 3)

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13
Q

Anemia is caused by…

What can lead to anemia?

A

Accelerated destruction of blood cells.

Can be brought about by insufficient dietary vitamin B12, Fe, or folic acid.

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14
Q

What is hereditary spherocytosis?

A
  • autosomal dominant mutation
  • affects ankyrin complex (band 3, band 4.2, etc)
  • defective anchor proteins»>membrane peels off
  • lose biconcavity, now just spherical
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15
Q

What is hereditary elliptocytosis?

A
  • autosomal dominant mutation
  • spectrin-spectrin lateral bonds and spectrin-ankyrin-band 4.1 protein junctions are defective
  • membrane fails to rebound, elongates
  • leads to elliptical erythrocytes
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16
Q

How are hemolytic anemias and jaundice related?

A

Yellows appearance can be caused by the destruction of circulating erythrocytes.

Common in newborns because new born liver is inefficient

17
Q

Describe sickle-cell anemia

A
  • Single point mutation
  • Glu»>Val
  • cell aggregate
  • more viscous because of shape, more fragile
18
Q

Granulocytes include which leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

19
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • dark nuclear staining, faint cytoplasmic
  • multi lobed nucleus
  • function in acute inflammation and tissue injury
  • Can leave circulatory system
  • has azurophilic granules, specific granules, and tertiary granules.
20
Q

Azurophilic granules

A

Also known as Primary granules

Have lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase (MPO)

21
Q

Specific granules

A

Also known as secondary granules

Have various enzymes, complement activators, and antimicrobial peptides.

22
Q

Tertiary granules

A

Very small, used to move neutrophil out of the vasculature.

Phosphatase and metalloproteinases.

23
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • same size as neutrophils
  • stain very pink with eosin
  • bi-lobed nuclei
  • have large elongated specific and azurophilic granules.
  • mediate chronic inflammation/parasitic infections
24
Q

Basophils

A
  • same size as neutrophils

- lobed nucleus but cannot see because of all the granules.

25
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • main function cell of immune system
  • small, medium, and large
  • intense staining of spherical nucleus with thin pale blue rim of cytoplasm
  • not terminally differentiated
26
Q

Three functionally distinct lymphocytes, what are they?

A

T- lymphocytes, undergo differentiation in the thymus

B-lymphocytes, form and undergo differentiation in bone marrow

Natural killer cells

B and T lymphocytes, you cant tell the difference between them on a slide

27
Q

Monocytes

A
  • Largest of the WBC
  • Heart shaped nucleus
  • small azurophilic granules
  • differentiate into phagocytes in different tissues
28
Q

Thrombocytes

A
  • fragments of cells
  • broken off of megakaryocyte
  • platelets
29
Q

Clot formation

A
  1. Damage in vasculature promotes platelet adhesion
  2. Platelets release serotonin—vasoconstrictor, smooth muscle contracts to decrease blood flow to the injury. ADP and thomboxane, calls more platelets»>primary hemostatic plug
  3. Platelets provide a surface for the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to fibrin.
  4. Fibrin forms mesh over the initial plug, traps platelets»>becomes secondary hemostatic plug

MCM Final (12 decks)

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