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MCM Test 2 > Basic Blood > Flashcards

Basic Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A
  • Fluid connective tissue, circulates through cardiovascular system
  • Consists of cells & a protein-rich fluid, plasma • Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs)
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs)
  • Thrombocytes (platelets)
  • Functions:
  • Delivery of nutrients & oxygen AND transport of wastes & CO2
  • Delivery of hormones, regulatory substances, immune system cells
  • Maintenance of homeostasis: acts as a buffer, participates in coagulation, thermoregulation
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2
Q

Hematocrit

A

-volume of RBCs in a sample of blood

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3
Q

Blood Plasma

A
  • liquid extracellular material (90% water by weight)

- solvent for a variety of solutes (proteins, regulatory substance, nutrients, electrolytes, dissolved gases, wastes)

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4
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

-fluid found surrounding tissue cells, derived from blood plasma
• Electrolyte composition reflects that of blood plasma, from which it is derived

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5
Q

Albumin

A

-main protein constituent (~50%), made in the liver
• Responsible for exerting the concentration gradient btwn blood & EC
tissue fluid
• Source of major colloid osmotic pressure, osmotic pressure on vessel walls
• Carrier protein for thyroxine, bilirubin, barbiturates

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6
Q

Serum

A

-blood plasma without clotting factors

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7
Q

Globulins

A
  • Immunoglobulins (γ-globulins): largest component, functional immune- system molecules
  • Non-immune globulins (α-globulin & β-globulin):
  • Maintain the osmotic pressure within the vascular system & serve as carrier proteins • Includes fibronectin, lipoproteins, & coagulation factors
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8
Q

Fibrinogen

A

-largest plasma protein (340 kDa), is made in the liver
• Soluble fibrinogen → insoluble protein fibrin (323 kDa)
• In conversion, fibrinogen chains → monomers → polymerize forming long fibers
• Become cross-linked → form an impermeable net preventing further blood loss

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9
Q

Blood cells

A
  • Formed elements suspended in plasma • All formed in bone marrow
  • Plays a significant role in diagnosis of disease
  • Functional components: • Erythrocytes
  • Leukocytes
  • Platelets
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10
Q

Erythrocytes

A

• Anucleate cells devoid of typical organelles
• Biconcave disc, extremely flexible
• Bind O2 for delivery to tissues & bind CO2 for removal from tissues
-Lifespan: 120 days

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11
Q

Reticulocytes

A
  • Immature RBCs released into circulation from bone marrow
  • Have not yet shed all of their nuclear material & still have organelles
  • Will mature into erythrocytes in 24-48hrs
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12
Q

Glycophorin C

A
  • integral membrane proteins of erythrocyte cytoskeleton

- attaches underlying cytoskeletal protein network to cell membrane

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13
Q

Band 3 protein

A
  • integral membrane proteins of erythrocyte cytoskeleton

- binds hemoglobin & acts as an anchoring site for the cytoskeletal proteins (most abundant)

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14
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

-integral membrane proteins of erythrocyte cytoskeleton
• 2-D hexagonal lattice network
• Laminates inner layer of membrane
Lattice is composed α-spectrin & β- spectrin molecules
• Heterodimer that forms long, flexible
tetramers
Spectrin filaments are anchored by:
• Band 4.1 protein complex → interacts
with glycophorin C
• Ankyrin protein complex (ankyrin &
band 4.2 protein) → interacts with band 3

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15
Q

Anemia

A
  • Decreased Hb levels
  • Most anemias are caused by a reduction in the number of RBCs
  • Hemorrhage, insufficient production or
  • Hemolytic anemia: accelerated destruction of RBCs
  • Insufficient dietary Fe, vitamin B12, or folic acid can lead to decreased RBC production
  • Clinical symptoms vary, depending on the type
  • Weakness, fatigue, & loss of energy
  • Frequent headaches, difficulty concentrating, dizziness, pale skin
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16
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A
  • Autosomal dominant mutation
  • Affects ankyrin complex (band 3, band 4.2, spectrin, and other erythrocyte-integral membrane proteins)
  • Defective anchor points, causing membrane to detach & peel off → spherical erythrocytes
17
Q

Hereditary Elliptocytosis

A
  • Autosomal dominant mutation
  • Spectrin-to-spectrin lateral bonds & spectrin-ankyrin-band 4.1 protein junctions are defective
  • Membrane fails to rebound & progressively elongates → elliptical erythrocytes
18
Q

Jaundice

A
  • yellow appearance of the sclera of the eye & skin

- Can be caused by the destruction of circulating erythrocytes

19
Q

Sickle-Cell Anemia

A
  • Single-point mutation β-globin chain of hemoglobin A (HbA)
  • Sickle hemoglobin (HbS) • Valine → glutamic acid
  • HbS molecules aggregate & grow in length • Sickle-shaped at ↓O2sat
  • 85% in homozygotes; <40% in heterozygotes
  • Sickled RBCs:
  • Blood is more viscous, sickled RBCs are more fragile
  • Break down after ~20 days
  • Pile up in the smallest capillaries, large-vessel obstruction may also occur
20
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • Two general groups based on presence or absence of prominent granules
  • Granulocytes give me all the ‘feels’ → neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
  • Agranulocytes → lymphocytes, monocytes
21
Q

Neutrophil

A

• Multi-lobed nucleus,
polymorphonuclear neutrophils or polymorphs
• General lack of cytoplasmic staining
• Function in acute inflammation & tissue injury
• Secrete enzymes, ingest damaged tissue, kill invading microorganisms
• Recognize & bind to bacteria, foreign organisms, & other infectious agents

22
Q

Neutrophil Granules

A

• Reflect the various phagocytotic functions
1. Azurophilic granules (primary granules): lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase (MPO)
2. Specific granules (secondary granules): various enzymes, complement activators, & antimicrobial peptides
3. Tertiary granules (two types):
• Phosphatases
• Metalloproteinases - facilitate migration of through CT

23
Q

Eosinophils

A

• About same size as neutrophils
• Nuclei are typically bi-lobed
• Contain large & elongated specific & azurophilic granules
•Release arylsulfatase&histaminase
• Phagocytoseantigen–Abcomplexes
• Increase counts w/ allergies and/or parasitic
infections (worms) → eosinophilia
•Maymediate chronic inflammation(i.e.,lung
tissues in asthmatics)

24
Q

Basophils

A
  • About the same size as neutrophils
  • Least numerous < 0.5%
  • Lobed nucleus is usually obscured by the granules
  • Functionally related to mast cells (connective tissue)
  • Bind an antigen-IgE antibody complex (plasma cells) triggers activation
  • Release of vasoactive agents from granules
  • Responsible for the severe vascular disturbances associated with hypersensitivity reactions & anaphylaxis
25
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • Main functional cells of immune system
  • Small, medium, large lymphocytes, range from 6-30 μm
  • Intensely staining, spherical nucleus w/ thin, pale blue rim of cytoplasm
  • Size-dependent
  • Not terminally differentiated → can differentiate into other effector cells
  • Functionally distinct : T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, & Natural Killer (NK) cells
  • T lymphocytes (T cells): undergo differentiation in the thymus; long life span & are involved in cell-mediated immunity
  • B lymphocytes (B cells): form & differentiate in bone marrow; transform into plasma cells → antibodies
  • NK cells: programmed to kill virus-infected and/or tumor cells
  • T & B cells are indistinguishable in blood smears & sections
  • NK cells can be identified by size, nuclear shape, & cytoplasmic granules
26
Q

Monocytes

A
  • Largest of the WBCs (~18 μm)
  • Indented, heart-shaped nucleus
  • Contain small, azurophilic granules
  • Differentiate into phagocytes in tissues
  • Mononuclear phagocytotic system
  • Osteoclasts, Kupffer cells (liver)
  • Macrophages of connective tissue, lymph nodes, spleen, & bone marrow
  • Inflammation: monocyte leaves vasculature → macrophage → phagocytosis
27
Q

Thrombocytes

A
  • Small, membrane-bound, cytoplasmic fragments
  • Derived from megakaryocyte: large polyploid cells in bone marrow
  • Small bits of cytoplasm are broken off of the cell
  • Platelets circulate as discoid structures w/ a life span of ~10 days
  • Involved in hemostasis, control of bleeding
28
Q

Thrombocytosis

A
  • Damage in vasculature promotes platelet adhesion • Platelets release:
  • Serotonin: potent vasoconstrictor → smooth muscle contraction → reduces blood flow at injury
  • ADP & thromboxane A2: increase aggregation of platelets to form primary hemostatic plug
  • Platelets provide a surface for conversion of soluble fibrinogen → fibrin
  • Fibrin forms a mesh over initial plug, entrapping platelets • Initial plug → secondary hemostatic plug

MCM Test 2 (4 decks)

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