Basic Biology

Question 1

SSRI mechanism

Answer 1

Downregulation - chronic activation of 5HT1A auto receptors causes down regulation which leads to degradation and genetic changes -reduction- in producing new Receptors, therefore serotonin is sensed less and more serotonin stays around.

Question 2

Tardive dyskinesia mechanism

Answer 2

Chronic antagonism of dopamine receptors increases the receptor load, making us more sensitive to dopamine, and therefore movement disorders result that are hyperkinetic like tics or courier

Question 3

How do anticholinergic affect tardive dyskinesia

Answer 3

Anticholinergic make it worse because they decrease a CH and increase dopamine

Question 4

EPS mechanism

Answer 4

EPS results at the beginning of antipsychotic treatment because of too little dopamine anticholinergic help this because they increase dopamine and decrease ACH

Question 5

Fast ion channel Neuro transmitter examples

Answer 5

NMDA GABA glutamate

Question 6

Slow GCPR NRT examples

Answer 6

Monoamine: NE, DA, 5HT

Question 7

Allosteric site

Answer 7

a SIDE SITE that Some substance other than the primary NRT binds at to make the receptor do it’s normal function

Question 8

Inverse agonist

Answer 8

Stops even the baseline flux of a receptor. Stronger than antagonist which just stops the extra opening.
Agonist and partial agonist are intuitive.

Question 9

Serotonin

Answer 9

Tryptophan > tryptamine > 5HT

Question 10

5HT nucleus

Answer 10

Raphe nucleus

Question 11

Basal ganglia 5ht2a/c

Answer 11

Repetitive movements / ocd

Question 12

Serotonin in the limbic area

Answer 12

Anxiety / panic

Question 13

Serotonin in the hypothalamus

Answer 13

Regulates appetite and eating behavior

Question 14

5HT1A

Answer 14

GPCR DENDRITIC Auto receptors that regulate decrease five HTP release

Neurogenesis and arborization

Question 15

5HT 1B and 1D

Answer 15

Nerve terminal auto receptors

1D causing vasoconstriction helpful in migraines (ergot)

Question 16

Chronic SSRIs downregulate ** receptors. Leads to better 5HT/receptor ratio
(serotonin deficit hypothesis)

Answer 16

5HT2

Question 17

5HT2A mechanisms [5: BG, MC, SWS, O, A]

Answer 17

Projects to BG to control movement/compulsions.
Mesocortical reduces DA&raquo_space; causing apathy and diminished libido.
Regulates slow-wave sleep.
Stimulation inhibits orgasm/ejaculation.
2A and 2C projection to limbic decreases panic/anxiety

Question 18

5HT2C

Answer 18

Anxiety with 2A and
weight gain (sep from Histamine)

Question 19

5HT receptors are all ** type*

Answer 19

GPCR except 5HT3 (ion)

Question 20

5HT3 facts (2: GI and AE)

Answer 20

GI effects of SSRIs are due to activation of this receptor system.
**Anti-emetics antagonize 5HT-3 (ondansetron).
Projections to hypothalamus may regulate appetite and eating behavior (satiety)

Question 21

DA creation

Answer 21

L-tyrosine > L dopa > DA >VMAT> vesicles > Reuptake via DAT

*Bupropion and sertraline -| DAT

Question 22

Amphetamine on DA

Answer 22

Reverse the Na/K pump that aids in DA reuptake

Question 23

Mesolimbic DA

Answer 23

ventral tegmental > hypothalamus > limbic, frontal and nucleus accumbens.
Reward behavior and addiction
POSITIVE SX (too much)

Question 24

Mesocortical DA

Answer 24

hypothalamus > Limbic and cortex
Cognition Motivation
NEGATIVE sx (too little DA)

Question 25

Nigrostriatal

Answer 25

Retic formation > Substantial Nigra > Caudate and Putamen
Deficient DA = Parkinsonian (rigidity, bradykinesia, tremor), akathisia, dystonia
Surplus = chorea, dyskinesia, tics

Question 26

Tuberoinfundibular DA

Answer 26

Hypothal > Ant Pit >| Prolactin

> | DA = galactorrhea, amenorrhea, sexual dysfunction

Question 27

D1

Answer 27

Frontal cortex, cognitive function

Question 28

D5

Answer 28

Limbic system
Memory consolidation

Question 29

D2

Answer 29

Auto receptors

Question 30

D3

Answer 30

Limbic system
Important target for antipsychotics

Question 31

D4

Answer 31

midbrain, amygdala and frontal cortex with minimal presence in the striatum = fewer EPS
Clozaril likes this one
Thrill seeking and ADHD???

Question 32

Location of DA receptors within the DA systems

Answer 32

D1: mesocortical
D2: nigrostriatal, mesolimbic
D3: mesolimbic
D4: mesolimbic
D5: mesolimbic

Short (cort) black (NGSA) Limbs (we have 4 limbs)

Question 33

Mesolimbic anatomy

Answer 33

VTA (midbrain) > nucleus accumbens (part of the ventral striatum -basal ganglia-) and other widespread forebrain areas

Question 34

Mesocortical anatomy

Answer 34

VTA > cortex

DL PfC - Cognition and executive function
VM PfC - Emotions and affect

Question 35

Dorsolateral PFC

Answer 35

Cognition and executive function

Question 36

Ventromedial PFC

Answer 36

Emotions and affect

Question 37

Nigrostriatal anatomy

Answer 37

Pars compacta of the substantia nigra > striatum (caudate and putamen).

Question 38

Basal ganglia

Answer 38

striatum
dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle)
globus pallidus
ventral pallidum
substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus.

Question 39

Dorsal striatum

Answer 39

Caudate nucleus and putamen

Question 40

Ventral striatum

Answer 40

nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle

Question 41

Nigrostriatal anatomy

Answer 41

hypothalamus (arcuate and periventricular nuclei) > infundibular region (median eminence of the hypothalamus)