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Microbiology USMLE > Basic Bacterioogy > Flashcards

Basic Bacterioogy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What enzyme cross links the peptides side chains in peptidoglycan?

A

Transpeptidase

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2
Q

What is the site of endotoxins for gram-negative bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) major surface antigen in outer membrane for Gram negative

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3
Q

What induces TNF and IL-1 for Graham negative bacteria?

A

Lipid a induces TNF and IL-1, O polysaccharide is the antigen

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4
Q

Where are beta lactamase enzymes located in Gram negative bacteria?

A

In the periplasm

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5
Q

What is the difference between the chemical composition of Pilus/fimbria and flagellum?

A

Pilus/fimbria is composed of glycoprotein, Flagellum is composed of protein

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6
Q

Describe spore Chemical composition?

A

Dipicolinic acid, peptidoglycan, keratin-like coat

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7
Q

What is the definition of capsule and what is the exception?

A

Organize discrete polysaccharide layer, exception bacillus anthracis which contain D glutamate

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8
Q

Name all of the coccus bacteria

A

Gram-positive are at Staphylococcus and streptococcus; grand negatives are Moraxella, Neisseria

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9
Q

Name the gram-positive rod bacteria?

A

Bacillus, Clostridium, corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, listera, Mycobacterium, Propionibacterium,Gardnerella

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10
Q

Name the gram-negative respiratory bacteria?

A

Bordetella, legionella (silver stain), Haemophilus (pleomorphic)

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11
Q

Name the bacteria that are branching filaments?

A

Actinomyces and nocardia

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12
Q

Name the spirochetes?

A

Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema

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13
Q

What are the bacterias that do not Gram stain well?

A

Treponema, mycobacteria, mycoplasma, legionella pneumophila, rickettsia, chlamydia; these microbes may lack real color

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14
Q

What bacteria has the special culture requirement been chocolate agar? What are the media contacts?

A

H. Influenzae; Factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)

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15
Q

What special culture does Neisseria bacteria have to grow in? What are its media contents? What is the mnemonic device?

A

Thayer-Martin, vancomycin (inhibits gram-positive organisms) Trimethoprim and Coliston (inhibits gram-negative organisms except Neisseria) Nystatin (inhibits fungi); very typically cultures Neisseria

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16
Q

Lipoteichoic acid in the cell wall indices what?

A

TNF and IL-1

17
Q

What special culture is required for Mycobacterium tuberculosis? Legionella? E. Coli?

A

Lowenstein Jensen agar; charcoal yeast extract Agar buffered cysteine and iron;

18
Q

What bacteria has the virulence factor IgA protease? What does this allow them to do? What is the mnemonic?

A

S. pneumonia, H. Influenza, Neisseria; colonize respiratory mucosa; SHiN

19
Q

What is M protein? Protein A?

A

Helps prevent phagocytosis, expressed in Strep A (plays a role in rheumatic fever)
Binds Fc region of IgG. Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis. Expressed by S. Aureus

20
Q

What is the source for exotoxin? Endotoxin?

A

From both gram-positive and negative bacteria; outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

21
Q

What is the difference between exotoxin and endotoxin composition?

A

Exotoxin is polypeptide, endotoxin is lipopolysaccharide

22
Q

What is the location of genes for exotoxin and endotoxin?

A

exotoxin is plasmid or bacteriophage, and the location of genes for endotoxin are bacteria chromosome

23
Q

What are the effects of endotoxin?

A

Fever, shock (hypotension), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

24
Q

What is the mode of action for Endotoxins?

A

Induces TNF, IL – 1, and IL – 6

25
Q

Explain to antigenicity for exotoxin and endotoxin? Vaccines available?

A

Exotoxin induces high titer antibiotic is called antitoxins, endotoxin is poorly and poorly antigenic; vaccine for exotoxin is called toxoids, no toxoids or vaccine is available for endotoxins

26
Q

What is the toxin, mechanism, and manifestation for Corynebacterium diphtheria?

A

Diphtheria tocsin, inactivate elongation factor EF-2, pharyngitis and single membrane is in throat and severe lymphadenopathy (bull neck)

27
Q

What is that toxin, mechanism, and manifestation for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Exotoxin A, inactivate elongation factor (EF-2), host cell death

28
Q

What is the toxin, mechanism, and manifestation for Shigella

A

Shiga toxin; inactivate 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA; G.I. mucosal damage, dysentery, enhance cytokine release causing hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

29
Q

Describe the toxin, mechanism, and manifestationfor enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?

A

Shiga-like toxin; inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA; SLT Enhances cytokine release causing HUS

30
Q

Named the bugs with exotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Cornynebacterium diphtheria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella, enterohemorrhagic E. coli

31
Q

Named a bugs with exotoxin that increase his fluid secretion?

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), bacillus anthrax, vibrio cholera

32
Q

What are the two toxins that ETEC secretes? What is the result of both of these toxins?

A

Heat Liable toxin (LT), heat-stable toxin (ST); watery diarrhea

33
Q

What is the mechanism for LT toxin and ST toxin that ETEC secretes?

A

LT toxin overactivates adenylate cyclase (cAMP) production> increasing chloride ion secretion and gut and water the flux; ST toxin Guanylate cyclase production> decreasing the resorption of sodium chloride and water and got (water stays in gut)

34
Q

How does bacillus anthrax increase fluids secretion?

A

Releasing edema toxin that mimics adenylate cyclase enzyme increasing cAMP production…response before the edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthrax

Microbiology USMLE (1 decks)

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