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Micro Step 1 > Basic Bacteriology > Flashcards

Basic Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

Feature unique to gram +ve

A

Lipoteichoic acid - induces TNFa and IL-1

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2
Q

Feature unique to gram -ve

A
  1. Outer-membrane- containing endotoxin and porins
    - endotoxin induce TNFa and IL-1
    - porin transport across outer membrane
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3
Q

Common features of bacteria

A
  1. Flagellum- movement
  2. Pilus- adherence to cell surface
  3. Capsule - protection against phagocytosis
  4. Cell wall - protects against osmotic damage
  5. Cytoplasmic membrane- site of ETC
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4
Q

Pleomorphic bacteria?

A

No cell wall

  1. Anaplasma
  2. Ehrlichia
  3. Chlamydia
  4. Ureaplasma
  5. Rickettsiae
  6. Mycoplasma
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5
Q

Bacteria that do not gram stain

A
  1. Trepenoma, Leptospira - too thin
  2. Mycobacteria- cell wall with high lipid content
  3. Pleomorphic bacteria
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6
Q

Why do pleomorphic bacteria not stain with gram ?

A
  1. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma - no cell wall.
  2. Legionella, Rickettsiae, Anaplasma, Bartonella, Ehrlichia - intracellular
  3. Chlamydia- lacks classic cell wall d/t less muramic acid
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7
Q

Organims +ve with GIEMSA stain ?

A

”CLuMsy RICK TRiPped on a BORRowed HELICOpter PLAStered in GEMS”

  1. Rickettsiae
  2. Chlamydia
  3. Trypanosomes
  4. Plasmodium
  5. Borrelia
  6. Helicobacter Pylori
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8
Q

Period acid schiff stain?

A

Stains glycogen and mucopolysaccharides

-Dx of Whipples disease caused by Tropheryma Whipplei

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9
Q

Ziehl-Neelson stain ?

A

Also called carbol fuchsin

  • Acid fast bacteria ( Mycobacteria, Nocardia)
  • Protozoa
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10
Q

Alternative stain for Zeihl Neelson ?

A

Auramine-rhodamine for screening since sensitive and inexpensive.

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11
Q

India Ink stain ?

A

Cryptococcus Neoformans

MUCICARMINE- can also be used to stain capsule red

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12
Q

Silver stain?

A
  1. Fungi
  2. Legionella
  3. H. Pylori
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13
Q

Special Culture for H. influenzae ?

A

Chocolate agar with factors 5 (NAD+) and 10 (hematin)

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14
Q

Special Culture for Neiserria ?

A

Thayer martin agar - selective media

Inhibits gram +ve with vancomycin
Inhibits gram -ve with TMP and colistin
Inhibits fungi with nystatin

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15
Q

Special Culture for B. Pertussis ?

A

Bordet - gengou agar

Regan-Lowe medium

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16
Q

Special Culture for C. Diptheriae

A

Tellurite agar

Löffler medium

17
Q

Special Culture for M. Tuberculosis?

A

Löwenstein-Jensen agar

18
Q

Special Culture for M. Pneumoniae ?

A

Eaton agar

19
Q

Special Culture for lactose fermenters ?

A

MacConkey agar - fermentation produces acid that turns colonies PINK

20
Q

Special Culture for E. Coli ?

A

Eosin-Methylene Blue (EMB) agar that turns colonies to GREEN WITH METALLIC SHEEN

21
Q

Special Culture for the ELLA siblings ?

A

Charcoal yeast agar with CYSTEINE and IRON

22
Q

The ELLA siblings ?

A

Brucella
Francisella
Pasteurella
Legionella

23
Q

Special Culture for fungi ?

A

SAB’s a FUN GUY

Sabouraud agar

24
Q

Examples of aerobes?

A

“Nagging Pests Must Breathe”

  1. Nocardia
  2. P. Aeruginosa
  3. M. Tb - reactivation with predilection of lung apices
  4. B. Pertussis
25
Q

Features of anaerobes ?

A
  1. Lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase - prone to oxidative damage
  2. Foul smelling (short chain FA)
  3. Difficult to culture
  4. Produce gas in tissues - co2 and h2
  5. AminOglycosides - ineffective b/c requires O2 to enter cell
26
Q

Flora of anaerobes ?

Examples ?

A

Normal in GI flora
Pathogenic everywhere else

“Anaerobes Cant Breathe Fresh Air”
Clostridium
Bacteroids
Fusobacterium
Actinomyces
27
Q

Intracellular bacteria ?

A

“ cells stay insides when its REally CHilly COld”

Obligate - Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae, Coxiella

“Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY”
Salmonella
Neiserria
Brucella
Mycobacteria
Listeria
Francisella
Legionella
Yersinia
28
Q

Encapsulated bacteria ?

A 
“Please SHiNE my SKiS”
P. Aeruginosa
S. Pneumonia
H. Influenzae type b
N. Meningitidis
E. Coli
Salmonella
Klebsiella
Group B strep
29
Q

Asplenic patients need vaccination for ?

A

Reduced opsonisation so vaccination for:

  1. N. Meningitidis
  2. S. Pneumoniae
  3. H. Influenzae
30
Q

Urease +ve organisms ?

A

“Pee CHUNKSS”

Proteus 
Cryptococcus
H. Pylori
Ureaplasma
Nocardia
Klebsiella
S. Epidermis
S. Saprophyticus

Urease hydrolyses urea to form NH3 and CO2 - increase pH -> STRUVITE STONES (MgNH3PO4)

31
Q

Intracellular bacteria escape mechanisms ?

A
  1. Blocking fusion of phagosome and lysosome ( Salmonella and M.tb)
  2. Inhibit phagolysosome acidification ( M. Tb)
  3. Escape from phagosome to cytosol ( Listeria and Shigella)
32
Q

What is need to get rid of intracellular organisms ?

A

INF-g, TNF-b, IL-12 to stimulate CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE to activate macrophages

33
Q

Pigment producing bacteria ?

A
  1. Actinomyces israleli - YELLOW sulfur granules of bacterial filaments
  2. S. Aureus - GOLDEN
  3. P. Aeruginosa - Blue/green d/t pyocyanin/pyoverdin
  4. Serratia - Red ( sriracha sauce)
34
Q

Biofilm producing bacteria ?

A
  1. S. Epidermis - catheter and prosthetic device
  2. Viridans strep - dental plaque and infective carditis
  3. P. Aeruginosa - VAP, colonisation in CF pts, contact lens assoc. keratitis
  4. H. Influenzae non typable- otitis media
35
Q

Features of Spore forming bacteria?

A

Bacillus sp and Clostridium sp

  1. Dipicolinic acid - heat resistant
  2. Must be autoclaved to kill spores - steam at 121•c for 15 mins
  3. H2o2 and Iodine are also sporicidal
36
Q

Bacterial virulence factors ?

A

Protein A

IgA protease

M protein

37
Q

Fx of protein A ?

A

Binds Fc region of igG
Prevents opsonisation and phagocytosis

S. Aureus

38
Q

Fx of IgA protease ?

A

Cleaves igA, allows bacteria to adhere and colonise on mucus membranes

S. Pneumonia
H. Influenzae type b
Neiserria

39
Q

Fx of M protein ?

A

Prevents phagocytosis by expressing epitopes similar to human protein.

Molecular mimicry - group A strep

Basis for acute rheumatic fever

Micro Step 1 (2 decks)

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