Basic Bacteriology Flashcards
The outer membrane of bacteria is found in which staining type and contains what feature?
Is found only in gram negative containing the lipopoly sacharide “LPS”
This induces TNF and IL-1
The periplasm is found in which staining type of bacteria and contains what feature?
Found in gram negative bacteria
This is the space where beta lactamases are found.
What structure is unique to gram positive bacteria only?
Lipoteichoic acid.
Both have peptidoglycan however it is thicker in gram positive species.
What staining technique is used to visualize legionella?
Silver stain
Which five species can be identified by Geimsa staining?
Chlamydiae Ricketsia BorreliaTrypanosomes Plasmodium Trypanosomes (Cruzi)
What specifically does PAS staining target?
Glycogen
What is Ziehl Neelsn stain?
This is carbol fuchsin for acid fass critters such as nocardia, mycobacteria, and cryptosporidium oocysts.
What contents are placed in the chocolate agar when growing haemophilus?
Factor V NAD+
and
Factor X Hematin
What grows in thayer martin median?
Neiserria species
gonorrhea and meningitidis
Tellurite agar and loffler medium is for culturing which agent?
Cornyebacterium Diptheria
Lowenstein-Jensen Agar is for culturing which subject?
M. tuberculosis
Eaton Agar with Cholesterol cultures which agent?
S. Pneumo
Eosin Methylene blue (EMB) will culture which agent?
Cultures E. coli and will have a green shine whith growth.
Charcoal yeast agar with cystein and iron will grow which agent?
Legionella
“Old Iron Sides”
Sabouraud agar
Its for growing fungi.
Which of the bacteria are obligate aerobes?
Nocardia
Legionella
M. Tuberculae
Where will reactivated tuberculosis appear in the lungs?
The upper airway where there is a greater ammount of O2 present (obligate aerobe)
Which microbes are obligate intracellular?
Rickettsia- Indoor sports arena
Chlamydia - on an island
Coxiella - Sheep in barn
Which bacteria are encapsulated?
Haemophilus (on counter with cherries)
Strep Pneumo (wearing armor)
Neiseria meningitidis (ABCD capsules on ground)
E. coli (K antigen on counter like cake)
Salmonella (Fish in the capsule between birds)
Strep Pyogenes (Hot Apple Pie)
Klebsiells (Gel spikes on ankylosaurus)
Yellow Sulfur granules
Israelii
Fillamentous gram negative bacteria.
Treat with penicillin
How does protein A work?
Binds the Fc region of IgG preventing opsonization and phagocytosis.
Is on s. Aureus
IgA protein?
Cleaves IgA secreted by SHiN
S. Pneumo (broken shield)
H. Influenzae
Neisseria
M Protein
Group A strep / Strep pyogenes.
Causes the rheumatic fever JONES criteria.
Prevents phagocytosis.
What is the difference between endotoxin and exotoxin?
Exotoxin is secreted by gram negative and positive species. (polypeptide very high dose needed to be fatal) Think toxoids such as tetanus, botulism, and diptheria.
Endotoxin is an actual part of the gram negative cell wall and is not secreted. (LPS extremely toxic)
How does shiga toxin work?
Ribosylation of the 60S ribosome causing mucosal damage an hemolytic uremic syndrome (popped balloons)
E.coli uses RNA to prpduce a shoga lie toxin however it does not invade host cells.
Describe the difference between the heat labile and the heat stabile E.coli toxins
Heat labile increases cAMP
Stable increases cGMP.
What does Edema factor do and which organism makes it?
Found in Bacillis anthracis mimics cAMP.
How does Vibrio Cholera toxin work?
Increases cAMP by permanently activating Gs leading to chlorine secretion in the gut and major water efflux.
How does pertussis toxin work?
Overactivates cAMP by disabling gi.
Which bug makes alpha toxin?
Chlostridium perhrinegens (motorcyclist) degrades cell membrane leading to beta hemolysis.
What is transformation?
Taking up naked DNA from the environent.
What is conjugation?
Plasmid DNA transfer (single strand)
What is transposition?
Segment of DNA that jumps from one location to another AKA genes from a plasmid to the chromosome or vice versal.
What is transduction?
Involves phages in which DNA is injected into bacteria.
Optochin resistant vs susceptible
Pneumo is sensitive (armor doesnt cover chin)
Saprophiticus is resistant (jester)
Which strep is bacitracin resistant and which s sensitive?
Group A strep is sensitive (strep pyogenes basset hound)
Group B is resitant (baby in suit in space being licked by basset hound)
In general this treatment works to disrupt DNA topoisomerases
Fluoroquinolones
These drugs generally damage bacterial DNA
Metronidazole
This drug blocks bacterial mRNA synthesis
Rifampin
Which drugs block the 50S subunit on bacteria?
Macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin)
and
Streptogramins
and chloramphenicol, clindamycin, linezolid.
Which drug classes block the bacterial 30S subunit?
Aminoglycosides (Amikacin, gentamicin, neomycin)
and
Tetracyclines (doxycycline)
Penicillins, antipseudomonals (pipercillin/ticarcillin), carbapenems, and monobactams, and cephalosporins all work by doing what?
All of these work by inhibiting peptidoglycan cross linking.
Which drugs interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis?
Gylcopeptides such as bacitracin and vancomycin.
What drug types interphere with folic acid synthesis?
Sulfonamides and trimethoprim.
Clavulonic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam all are what?
These are all Beta lactamase inhibitors
“CAST”
