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Formal Measurement > Basic Assessment Principles > Flashcards

Basic Assessment Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Nominal

A
  • Most basic
  • Classifying by name
  • No indication of amount or magnitude
  • Good for count or percentage
  • Ex: Gender - Male=0 ; Female=1 —> Frequencies
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2
Q

Ordinal

A
  • Measure of magnitude
  • Rankings
  • No equal intervals
  • Ex: Likert scale
  • Often used in psychological testing –> Ranges
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3
Q

Interval

A
  • Equal intervals
  • Does not include absolute zero
  • Ordered categories
  • Ex: IQ Tests, golf scores, temperature in Fahrenheit
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4
Q

Ratio

A
  • Equal intervals plus absolute zero
  • Must able to ‘see’ a meaningful zero
  • Rare in helping fields but can be used for frequency
  • Ex: Speed, frequency of behavior, temperature in Celsius
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5
Q

Norm-Referenced Instruments

A
  • Score compared to performance of others who took the same instrument (norming group)
  • Commonly used to assess. Intelligence, achievements, perceptual skills, personality, and behaviors
  • 2 major methods: percentiles and standard scores
  • Need to consider norming group
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6
Q

Criterion-Referenced Instruments

A
  • Score compared to established standard/criterion
  • Focus on how individual performs related to set criteria
  • Mastery component
  • Challenges: Must adequately measure domain; need to be able to ID criterion for mastery
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7
Q

Frequency Distribution

A

Chart of number range and frequency

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8
Q

Frequency Polygon

A

Line graph connected and colored in

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9
Q

Histogram

A

Bar graph

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10
Q

Mode

A

Most frequent score

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11
Q

Median

A

Evenly divides scores into two halves - 50% above, 50% below

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12
Q

Mean

A

Arithmetic average of scores

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13
Q

Range

A

Highest score minus lowest score

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14
Q

Variance

A

Sum of squared deviations from the mean

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15
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Square root of variance

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16
Q

Normal Distribution

A

Bell-shaped curve

17
Q

Skewed Distribution

A

Positively skewed: to the left

Negatively skewed: to the right

18
Q

Raw Scores

A

Meaning less without additional info

19
Q

Percentile Scores/Ranks

A
  • x% of norming group had a score at or below yours
  • NOT percentage of items answered correctly
  • add percentages as you go
20
Q

Z Scores

A
    • or -
  • M=0, S=1
  • 99.5% of z scores fall between +/- 3 standard deviations
  • standardize
21
Q

T Scores

A

-Same function as z scores, but no negatives
-M=50, S=10
-Can convert to z score by multiplying z by 10 and adding the number 50
T=10(z)+50

22
Q

Stanines

A
  • Standard nines
  • Range 1-9
  • M=5, s=2 (approximate)
  • Range of scores instead of actual
  • Not equal intervals
23
Q

Age Equivalent Scores

A
  • Based on what an individual can do at a given age
  • Ex: If the average score for an 11.0 y.o. on a test is 15/30, age equivalent score would be 11.0 for any examiner obtaining score of 15
24
Q

Grade Equivalent Scores

A
  • Based on what average grade level students can do
  • Ex: Average score of students halfway through 6th grade (6.5) on a math test is 25. Any examiner obtaining score of 25 has math knowledge of GE 6.5
25
Q

Problems with Developmental Comparisons

A
  • Systematic misrepresentation
  • Extrapolation
  • Typological thinking
  • False standards
26
Q

Systematic Misrepresentation

A

Developmentally, not the same

27
Q

Extrapolation

A

Guessing outside the bounds of what is known

Interpolation: guessing with what is known

28
Q

Typological Thinking

A

Average score represents a statistical abstraction

29
Q

False Standards

A

Tests are constructed so at least half of any age/grade group performs at or below level

30
Q

Evaluating the Norming Group

A
  • Adequacy of norming group depends on client being assessed, purpose of assessment, and how info will be used
  • Examine methods for selecting groups
  • Examine characteristics of norming group
31
Q

Sampling Methods

A
  • Simple random sample
  • Stratified
  • Cluster
  • Convenience
32
Q

Norming Group Characteristics

A
  • Size
  • Gender
  • Race/Ethnicity
  • Educational background
  • SES

Formal Measurement (5 decks)

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