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PTC > BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS > Flashcards

BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS

1
Q

When is the best time for clients to

measure their resting heart rate?

A

Upon waking in the morning

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2
Q

Name two common tests for assessing

cardiorespiratory efficiency.

A

YMCA 3-Minute Step Test and

Rockport Walk Test

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3
Q

What are three methods of assessing

body fat percentage?

A

Underwater weighing, bioelectrical
impedance, and skin-fold
measurements

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4
Q 
What do you call measurable data 
regarding a client's physical state, such 
as body composition, movement 
assessments, and cardiorespiratory 
ability?
A

Objective information

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5
Q

What is the BMI range for a person

who has a very high risk of disease?

A

35.0-39.99

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6
Q

What are the two main calf muscles
that are responsible for concentrically
accelerating plantar flexion

A

Gastrocnemius and soleus

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7
Q

Name the muscle that is responsible
for concentrically accelerating hip
extension and external rotation.

A

Gluteus maximus

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8
Q

What do you call information gathered
from a client that includes their
occupation, lifestyle, and medical
background

A

Subjective information

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9
Q

During an Overhead Squat assessment,
what are the probable overactive
muscles when the feet turn out?”

A 
Soleus, lateral gastrocnemius, and 
biceps femoris (short head)
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10
Q

During an Overhead Squat assessment,
what are the probable overactive
muscles when the knees move inward?

A

Adductor complex, biceps femoris
(short head), tensor fascia latae, vastus
lateralis

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11
Q

During an Overhead Squat assessment,
what are the probable overactive
muscles when there is an excessive
forward lean?

A

Soleus, gastrocnemius, hip flexor

complex, abdominal complex

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12
Q

Name the class of medication that
decreases heart rate and blood
pressure

A

Beta-blockers

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13
Q

What is an indicator that a female
client’s ankle complex will be in a
plantar flexed position for extended
periods of time based on occupation?”

A

Wearing dress shoes (high heels)

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14
Q

Name three postural distortion
patterns that might be seen during a
static postural assessment.”

A

Pronation distortion syndrome, lower
crossed syndrome, upper crossed
syndrome

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15
Q

During an Overhead Squat assessment,
what are the probable overactive
muscles when the low back arches?

A

Hip flexor complex, erector spinae,

latissimus dorsi

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16
Q

During an Overhead Squat assessment,
what are the probable overactive
muscles when the client’s arms fall
forward?”

A

Latissimus dorsi, teres major,

pectoralis major/minor

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17
Q

During a Pushing assessment, what are
the probable overactive muscles when
a client’s shoulders elevate and/or the
head moves forward?”

A

Upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid,

and levator scapulae

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18
Q

During an Overhead Squat assessment,
what are the probable underactive
muscles if a client’s feet turn out

A

Medial gastrocnemius, medial
hamstring complex, gracilis, sartorius,
popliteus

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19
Q

What are the probable underactive
muscles when a client’s arms fall
forward during an Overhead Squat
Assessment?”

A

Middle/lower trapezius, rhomboids,

rotator cuff

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20
Q

What are the probable underactive
muscles when a client’s knees move
inward during an Overhead Squat
Assessment?”

A

Gluteus medius/maximus, vastus

medialis oblique

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21
Q

During an Overhead Squat assessment,
what are the probable underactive
muscles when a client shows an
excessive forward lean?”

A

Anterior tibialis, gluteus maximus,

erector spinae

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22
Q

During an Overhead Squat assessment,
what are the probable underactive
muscles when a client’s low back
arches?

A

Gluteus maximus, hamstring complex,

intrinsic core stabilizers

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23
Q

During a Pushing assessment, what are
the probable underactive muscles
when a client’s shoulders elevate?”

A

Middle/ lower trapezius

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24
Q

During a Pushing assessment, what are
the probable underactive muscles
when a client’s head protrudes
forward?

A

Deep cervical flexors

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25
Q

After assessing a client’s Overhead
Squat, which muscles should you have
them foam roll and stretch?

A

Overactive muscles

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26
Q

After assessing a client’s Overhead
Squat, which muscles should you have
them strengthen?

A

Underactive muscles

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27
Q

Name the assessment that measures
lower extremity agility and
neuromuscular control.

A

Shark Skill Test

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28
Q

Name 2 conditions in which beta blockers might be prescribed.

A

High blood pressure and arrhythmias

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29
Q

What muscle action develops tension
while lengthening and prevents
resistance from accelerating in an
uncontrolled manner?

A

Eccentric

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30
Q

Name the imaginary bisector that
divides the body into right and left
halves.

A

Sagittal plane

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31
Q

This movement primarily occurs from
side to side, as if there were a wall in
front of and behind the body.”

A

Frontal plane movements

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32
Q

Name the energy storage and transfer

unit within the cells of the body

A

Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP

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33
Q

What is the starting zone of
cardiorespiratory training when a
client scores poor during the YMCA 3-
Minute Step Test?

A

Zone one

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34
Q

What is the starting zone or caridorespiratory training when the client scores average on the 3min ymca step test

A

Zone two

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35
Q

What information can be provided to
the health and fitness professional by
knowing the client’s occupation?

A

Common movement patterns

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36
Q

What relevant information can you
learn about a client based on their
occupation and movement capacity?

A

Extended periods of sitting, repetitive

movements, dress shoes, mental stress

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37
Q

Which muscles have decreased neural
control once a client has had an ankle
sprain?

A

Gluteus maximus and gluteus medius

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38
Q

What muscle action develops when a
muscle exerts more force than is
placed on it, resulting in the shortening
of the muscle?

A

Concentric

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39
Q

This chamber of the heart gathers
oxygenated blood coming to the heart
from the lungs.

A

Left atrium

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40
Q

Give the straight percentage method
equation for calculating a client’s
target heart rate.

A

(220-client’s age) x desired intensity

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41
Q

Name the muscles involved in

respiratory inspiration.

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals,
scalenes, sternocleidomastoid,
pectoralis minor

42
Q

What are three guidelines for the
health and fitness professional when
taking the radial pulse of a client?

A 
Touch should be gentle, take the pulse 
when the client is calm, take the pulse 
over the course of 3 days (at the same 
time each day) and average the results 
to ensure accuracy
43
Q 
Name the functional unit of the muscle 
that lies in the space between two Z 
lines. It produces muscular contraction 
and is formed by repeating sections of 
actin and myosin.
A

Sarcomere

44
Q

The science concerned with the
internal and external forces acting on
the human body and the effects
produced by these forces.

A

Biomechanics

45
Q

The heart rate training zone between
65 to 75% that builds an aerobic base
and aids in recovery.

A

Zone 1

46
Q

The heart rate training zone between
76 to 85% that increases both aerobic
and anaerobic endurance.

A

Zone 2

47
Q

The heart rate training zone between
86 to 95% that builds high-end work
capacity.

A

Zone 3

48
Q

Represents the pressure within the
arterial system after the heart
contracts.

A

Systolic blood pressure

49
Q

Represents the pressure within the
arterial system when the heart is
resting and filling with blood.

A

Diastolic blood pressure

50
Q

The method of measuring body fat
percentages that conducts an electrical
current through the body to measure
fat.

A

Bioelectrical impedance

51
Q

What are the four skin-fold sites tested
when using the Durnin-Womersley
formula for body fat assessment?

A

Biceps, triceps, subscapular, iliac crest

52
Q

What is the waist-to-hip ratio for males
and females that puts them at a
greater risk for disease?

A

A ratio greater than 0.95 for males and

greater than 0.80 for females

53
Q

Muscles that assist the prime movers.

A

Synergists

54
Q

Risk for disease increases when an

overweight person’s BMI level is____.

A

25 or greater

55
Q

Sensory receptors responsible for

sensing distortion in body tissues.

A

Mechanoreceptors

56
Q

What is the amount of time recovery
pulse is taken after completing the
YMCA 3- Minute Step Test?

A

Within 5 seconds of completing the
exercise, take the client’s pulse for 60
seconds

57
Q

What is the level that a client is
instructed to squat to when
performing the Overhead Squat
assessment?

A

Height of a chair

58
Q

Receptors sensitive to change in
tension of the muscle and the rate of
that change.

A

Golgi tendon organs

59
Q

Receptors sensitive to change in length
of the muscle and the rate of that
change

A

Muscle Spindles

60
Q

On which clients should health and
fitness professionals avoid the use of
skin-fold calipers to measure body fat?

A

Very overweight clients

61
Q

The resting length of a muscle and the
tension the muscle can produce at this
resting length.

A

Length-tension relationship

62
Q

What is the functional unit of the

nervous system?

A

Neuron

63
Q

The neuromuscular phenomenon that
occurs when inappropriate muscles
take over the function of a weak or
inhibited prime mover.

A

Synergistic dominance

64
Q 
The process in which neural impulses 
that sense tension are greater than the 
impulses that cause muscles to 
contract, providing an inhibitory effect 
to the muscle spindles.
A

Autogenic inhibition

65
Q

Compensations observed during the
Overhead Squat assessment from the
lateral view.

A

Low back arches, excessive forward

lean, arms fall forward

66
Q

Compensations observed during the
Overhead Squat assessment from the
anterior view.

A

Feet turn out and knees move inward

67
Q

Name some of the benefits of

circumference measurements.

A 
Can be used on obese clients, good for 
comparisons and progressions, good 
for assessing fat patterns and 
distribution, inexpensive, easy to 
record
68
Q 
Name the systems of the human 
movement system (kinetic chain).
A

Nervous system, muscular system,

skeletal system

69
Q

Name the agonist, synergist, stabilizer,
and antagonist muscles activated
during a squat exercise.

A

Agonists: Gluteus maximus,
quadriceps; Synergists: Hamstring
complex; Stabilizer: Transversus
abdominis; Antagonist: Psoas

70
Q 
The involved structures and 
mechanisms that the nervous system 
uses to gather sensory information and 
integrate it with previous experiences 
to produce a motor response.
A

Motor control

71
Q

What are some primary causes of

muscle imbalance?

A

Postural stress, emotional duress,
repetitive movement, cumulative
trauma, poor training technique

72
Q

Feedback used after the completion of
a movement to help inform clients
about the outcome of their
performance.

A

Knowledge of results

73
Q

The energy pathway used in moderate
to high intensity activities that can only
be sustained for 30 to 50 seconds.

A

Glycolysis

74
Q

Repeated practice of motor control
processes, which leads to a change in
the ability to produce skilled
movements.

A

Motor learning

75
Q

What are possible injuries associated

with lower crossed syndrome?

A

Hamstring complex strain, anterior

knee pain, low back pain

76
Q

Name movement compensations

observed during a Pushing assessment.

A

Low back arches, shoulder elevates,

head migrates forward

77
Q

When assessing a client during a
Single-leg Squat, from which vantage
point should you view the client?

A

Anterior

78
Q

Which muscle synergies (muscle
groups) are primarily used in a
Shoulder Press?

A

Deltoid, rotator cuff, trapezius

79
Q

The name of the receptors surrounding
a joint that respond to pressure,
acceleration, and deceleration in the
joint.

A

Joint receptors

80
Q

Altered reciprocal inhibition,
synergistic dominance, and
arthrokinetic dysfunction all lead to
this.

A

Muscle imbalance

81
Q 
The ability of the neuromuscular 
system to properly recruit muscles to 
produce force concentrically, reduce 
force eccentrically, and isometrically 
stabilize the entire kinetic chain in all 
three planes of motion.
A

Neuromuscular efficiency

82
Q

A layer of connective tissue that is
underneath the fascia, and surrounds
the muscle.

A

Epimysium

83
Q

What are the three support

mechanisms of blood?

A

Transportation, regulation and

protection

84
Q

The Davies test is contraindicated for

which group of people?

A

Individuals lacking shoulder stability

85
Q

What muscle is responsible for
concentrically accelerating shoulder
extension, adduction, and internal
rotation?

A

Latissimus dorsi

86
Q

Name possible injuries associated with

pronation distortion syndrome.

A

Plantar fasciitis, shin splints, patellar

tendonitis, low back pain

87
Q

Name the altered joint mechanics
associated with lower crossed
syndrome.

A

Increased lumbar extension and

decreased hip extension

88
Q

Which muscles would be lengthened in

a client with upper crossed syndrome?

A

Deep cervical flexors, serratus anterior,
rhomboids, mid-trapezius, lower
trapezius, teres minor, and
infraspinatus

89
Q

What are the altered joint mechanics
associated with pronation distortion
syndrome?

A

Increased: Knee adduction and internal
rotation, foot pronation and external
rotation; Decreased: Ankle
dorsiflexion and inversion

90
Q

Name the lengthened muscles
associated with lower crossed
syndrome.

A

Anterior tibialis, posterior tibialis,
gluteus maximus, gluteus medius,
transversus abdominis, and internal
oblique

91
Q

Average stroke volume of an adult.

A

70 mL

92
Q

Name two abdominal muscles used for

trunk rotation.

A

Internal and external obliques

93
Q

Name five performance assessment

tests.

A

Davies Test, Shark Skill Test, Push-up
Test, Upper Extremity Strength
Assessment, Lower Extremity Strength
Assessment

94
Q

What positional guidelines do you give
a client who is setting up for an
Overhead Squat assessment?

A

Feet shoulder-width apart and pointed
straight ahead; foot and ankle complex
in a neutral position; arms raised
overhead, with elbows fully extended

95
Q

What regressions could you make for
clients who are unable to perform a
Single-leg Squat assessment?

A

Use outside support for squatting
assistance or perform a Single-leg
Balance without squat

96
Q

A force that produces rotation.

A

Torque

97
Q

Movement of the bones around the

joints.

A

Rotary motion

98
Q

Name possible injuries associated with

upper crossed syndrome.

A

Headaches, bicep tendonitis, rotator
cuff impingement, and thoracic outlet
syndrome

99
Q

Name the short muscles associated

with lower crossed syndrome.

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus, hip flexor
complex, adductors, latissimus dorsi,
and erector spinae

100
Q

Compensations observed during the
Overhead Squat assessment from the
lateral view.

A

Low back arches, excessive forward

lean, arms fall forward

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