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NASM CPT 4.0 > Basic And Applied Sciences > Flashcards

Basic And Applied Sciences Flashcards

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1
Q

What bodily processes does the brain control consciously?

A

Higher thinking/mental faculties, voluntary muscle action, memory

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2
Q

What processes does the brain control unconsciously?

A

Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, digesting food

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3
Q

What are the three ways in which the nervous system functions?

A

Sensory, integration, and motor functioning

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4
Q

What do our bodies use sensory functions for?

A

To gather both internal and external information about ourselves. Then, it’s passed to the central nervous system

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5
Q

What two things make up the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What two parts make up the central nervous system?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What bodily processes does the brain control consciously?

A

Voluntary muscle action

Memory

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8
Q

What bodily processes does the brain control unconsciously?

A

Heart rate
Blood pressure
Breathing
Digesting food

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9
Q

What are the three ways in which the nervous system functions?

A

Sensory
Integration
Motor functioning

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10
Q

How does the body use sensory function?

A

To gather internal and external information about yourself

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11
Q

What is integration (nervous system functions)?

A

The process in which the central nervous system receives, processes, and interprets all the information received from sensory function

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12
Q

How does the central nervous system receive sensory information?

A

From mechanoreceptors, chemorecweptors, photoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoceptors, and osmoceptors

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13
Q

What is motor output (nervous system functions)?

A

The process in which the brain sends out nerve impulses to initiate a response to the information processed.

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14
Q

What is Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

The fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of cerebropsinal fluid (CSF)?

A

It regulates blood flow to the brain and helps protect the brain and central nervous system from hard blows to the head or unanticipated changes in speed

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16
Q

What is the function of afferent neurons?

A

They pass information to the brain via the spinal cord

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17
Q

What is the function of efferent neurons?

A

They take information from the brain to effector cells

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18
Q

What is the function of effector cells?

A

They cause an action to take place in the muscles or organs

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19
Q

How can the afferent and efferent pathways be disrupted?

A

Through chronic or acute injury, illness, or inflammation

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20
Q

What happens if afferent and efferent pathways are interrupted?

A

Messages will not travel efficiently (or at all) to the brain or body.

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21
Q

What are the major muscles in the upper body?

A 
Deltoid
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Rectus abdominis
Obliques
Serratus anterior
Trapezius
Rhomboids
Latissimus dorsi
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22
Q

What are the major muscles in the lower body?

A 
Quadriceps
Hamstrings
Gluteus minimus and maximus
Tensor fasciae latae (TFL)
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior
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23
Q

What are the three different types of muscles?

A

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

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24
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

In the heart

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25
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

In the organs

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26
Q

Where is skeletal muscle found?

A

In the muscles

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27
Q

How are cardiac and smooth muscle controlled?

A

Involuntarily by the central nervous system (CNS)

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28
Q

How is skeletal muscle controlled?

A

Voluntarily by the central nervous system (CNS)

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29
Q

What are Type I muscle fibers?

A

Slow-twitch fibers

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30
Q

What is the primary fuel source for Type I muscle fibers and how is it created?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) created from oxygen

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31
Q

What are Type I muscle fibers used for?

A

Primarily for endurance activities (i.e. running a marathon)

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32
Q

What are Type II muscle fibers?

A

Fast-twitch fibers

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33
Q

What is the primary fuel source for Type II muscle fibers?

A

Anaerobic metabolism

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34
Q

What is anaerobic metabolism?

A

Glycosis

ATP-PC systems (adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine)

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35
Q

What are Type II muscle fibers used for?

A

Power or speed related activities that require explosiveness (i.e. sprinting)

36
Q

What are Type IIa muscle fibers?

A

A combination of Type I and Type II fibers known as intermediate fast-twitch fibers that use both aerobic (oxygen) and anaerobic pathways

37
Q

What are Type IIb muscle fibers?

A

They use only anaerobic energy pathways and are usually what are being referred to when “fast-twitch” term is used

38
Q

What are the different parts of the muscle?

A 
Endomysium
Fascicle
Perimysium
Epimysium
Blood vessels
39
Q

What surrounds a muscle fiber?

A

Endomysium

40
Q

What surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers?

A

Fascicle

41
Q

What is the fascicle wrapped in?

A

Perimysium

42
Q

What is the outer covering of the muscle called?

A

Epimysium

43
Q

What is contained in between each fascicle of muscle fibers?

A

Blood vessels

44
Q

What are some common muscular injuries that can occur during physical activity?

A

Sprain or strain
Tears
Bursitis
Tennis elbow

45
Q

How is a sprain caused?

A

By a tear or excessive stretching of a ligament

46
Q

How is a strain caused?

A

By a tear or excessive stretching of a tendon or muscle

47
Q

What is bursitis?

A

When the bursa between joints becomes inflamed

48
Q

What is tennis elbow?

A

When the tendons connecting the forearm to the outside of the elbow are inflamed

49
Q

What are the major bones of the body?

A 
Skull
Mandible
Clavicle
Scapula
Spinal vertebrae
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
50
Q

What makes up the spinal vertebrae?

A 
Cervical
Thoracic 
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
51
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

A joint that provides rotation of one bone around another (i.e. C1 & C2)

52
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

A joint that provides flexion and extension (i.e. elbow)

53
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

A joint that provides flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction (i.e. between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb)

54
Q

What is a gliding joint?

A

A joint that provides gliding movements between two bones (i.e. tarsal bones)

55
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

A

A joint that can provide flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction (in between metacarpals and phalanges)

56
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

A joint that provides flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation (i.e. hip)

57
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The formation of new red blood cells within the bone marrow

58
Q

Where do red blood cells come from?

A

Hemocytoblasts

59
Q

What is the life cycle of red blood cells?

A

3 months

60
Q

What is the life cycle of platelets?

A

7 days

61
Q

What is the life cycle of granulocytes?

A

7 hours

62
Q

Why are red blood cells necessary for energy maintenance?

A

Oxygen must bind to them as part of the aerobic energy pathway

63
Q

What is the purpose of the skeleton?

A

To support the muscles and organs
Initiate movement
Protect major organs
Provide location for red blood cells to be created (bone marrow)

64
Q

What role does the skeletal system plan in mineral balance within the body?

A

It stores minerals and releases them as needed

65
Q

What are the two types of tissue that exist within human bone?

A

Compact bone

Spongy bone

66
Q

Where is compact bone located and what is its purpose?

A

The surface of bones

To protect the bone by allowing it to bear the weight of the body

67
Q

Explain what a spongy bone is.

A

It contains more spaces than compact bone

Red bone marrow is housed within it

68
Q

What are the major structures of the cardiovascular system?

A 
Blood vessels
Heart
Superior and inferior vena cava
Aorta
Left and right atrium
Left and right ventricle
Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve
69
Q

What do blood vessels consist of?

A

Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
Venules

70
Q

What is the cardiovascular system responsible for?

A

Pumping 5L of blood through the body at any given time

71
Q

How long does it take for a red blood cell to make its way through the human body?

A

1 minute

72
Q

What is the function of the superior vena cava?

A

It collects blood from the upper half of the body

73
Q

What is the function of the inferior vena cava?

A

It collects body from the lower half of the body

74
Q

What do the superior and inferior vena cava do with the blood they collect?

A

Take it to the right atrium

75
Q

Is the blood collected by the superior and inferior vena cava oxygen-deficient or oxygen-rich?

A

Oxygen-deficient

76
Q

What path does the oxygen-deficient bloodafter leaving the right atrium?

A 
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Left atrium 
Mitral valve
Left ventrical
Aortic valve 
Aorta
Rest of the body
77
Q

What happens to the oxygen-deficient blood when it enters the lungs?

A

It becomes more oxygen rich

78
Q

How does the oxygen-rich blood return to the left atrium?

A

Via the pulmonary vein

79
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Remove metabolic waste
Provides nutrients to the body
Provides protection from foreign microbes and viruses through white blood cells
Keeps our bodies in a state of homeostasis

80
Q

What does exercise condition the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to do?

A

It conditions the sympathetic system to become less active during rest and the parasympathetic system to become more active during rest

81
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of?

A 
Larynx
Trachea
Lungs
Pleural cavity
Pleural membrane
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
82
Q

What is the process of respiration?

A

1) Breath: brings oxygen into the lungs
2) External respiration: Oxygen from the blood and carbon dioxide are exchanged within alveoli
3) Internal respiration: Excess carbon dioxide is carried away from the lungs by blood
4) Cellular respiration: Oxygen is used to break down sugar within cells to produce water, ATP, energy, and carbon dioxide

83
Q

When is the sympathetic nervous system activated and what is its purpose?

A

Early in the exercise session

Increase heart rate and blood pressure as response to stress of exercise

84
Q

When is the parasympathetic nervous system activated and what is its purpose?

A

Later in the exercise session
Help blood pressure and heart rate plateau during the session & decrease heart rate and blood pressure to near resting levels during cooldown

85
Q

What does exercise condition the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to do? Why?

A

It conditions the sympathetic system to become less active during rest and the parasympathetic system to become more active during rest
It allows the blood pressure and heart rate to remain low and keep them near normal levels during stressful situations

86
Q

What does conditioning of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems allow the blood pressure and heart rate to do?

A

To remain low and keep them near normal levels during stressful situations

NASM CPT 4.0 (7 decks)

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