Basic And Applied Sciences Flashcards
What bodily processes does the brain control consciously?
Higher thinking/mental faculties, voluntary muscle action, memory
What processes does the brain control unconsciously?
Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, digesting food
What are the three ways in which the nervous system functions?
Sensory, integration, and motor functioning
What do our bodies use sensory functions for?
To gather both internal and external information about ourselves. Then, it’s passed to the central nervous system
What two things make up the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
What two parts make up the central nervous system?
The brain and spinal cord
What bodily processes does the brain control consciously?
Voluntary muscle action
Memory
What bodily processes does the brain control unconsciously?
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Breathing
Digesting food
What are the three ways in which the nervous system functions?
Sensory
Integration
Motor functioning
How does the body use sensory function?
To gather internal and external information about yourself
What is integration (nervous system functions)?
The process in which the central nervous system receives, processes, and interprets all the information received from sensory function
How does the central nervous system receive sensory information?
From mechanoreceptors, chemorecweptors, photoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoceptors, and osmoceptors
What is motor output (nervous system functions)?
The process in which the brain sends out nerve impulses to initiate a response to the information processed.
What is Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
The fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.
What is the purpose of cerebropsinal fluid (CSF)?
It regulates blood flow to the brain and helps protect the brain and central nervous system from hard blows to the head or unanticipated changes in speed
What is the function of afferent neurons?
They pass information to the brain via the spinal cord
What is the function of efferent neurons?
They take information from the brain to effector cells
What is the function of effector cells?
They cause an action to take place in the muscles or organs
How can the afferent and efferent pathways be disrupted?
Through chronic or acute injury, illness, or inflammation
What happens if afferent and efferent pathways are interrupted?
Messages will not travel efficiently (or at all) to the brain or body.
What are the major muscles in the upper body?
Deltoid Biceps brachii Triceps brachii Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Rectus abdominis Obliques Serratus anterior Trapezius Rhomboids Latissimus dorsi
What are the major muscles in the lower body?
Quadriceps Hamstrings Gluteus minimus and maximus Tensor fasciae latae (TFL) Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior
What are the three different types of muscles?
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal
Where is cardiac muscle found?
In the heart
Where is smooth muscle found?
In the organs
Where is skeletal muscle found?
In the muscles
How are cardiac and smooth muscle controlled?
Involuntarily by the central nervous system (CNS)
How is skeletal muscle controlled?
Voluntarily by the central nervous system (CNS)
What are Type I muscle fibers?
Slow-twitch fibers
What is the primary fuel source for Type I muscle fibers and how is it created?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) created from oxygen
What are Type I muscle fibers used for?
Primarily for endurance activities (i.e. running a marathon)
What are Type II muscle fibers?
Fast-twitch fibers
What is the primary fuel source for Type II muscle fibers?
Anaerobic metabolism
What is anaerobic metabolism?
Glycosis
ATP-PC systems (adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine)
What are Type II muscle fibers used for?
Power or speed related activities that require explosiveness (i.e. sprinting)
What are Type IIa muscle fibers?
A combination of Type I and Type II fibers known as intermediate fast-twitch fibers that use both aerobic (oxygen) and anaerobic pathways
What are Type IIb muscle fibers?
They use only anaerobic energy pathways and are usually what are being referred to when “fast-twitch” term is used
What are the different parts of the muscle?
Endomysium Fascicle Perimysium Epimysium Blood vessels
What surrounds a muscle fiber?
Endomysium
What surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers?
Fascicle
What is the fascicle wrapped in?
Perimysium
What is the outer covering of the muscle called?
Epimysium
What is contained in between each fascicle of muscle fibers?
Blood vessels
What are some common muscular injuries that can occur during physical activity?
Sprain or strain
Tears
Bursitis
Tennis elbow
How is a sprain caused?
By a tear or excessive stretching of a ligament
How is a strain caused?
By a tear or excessive stretching of a tendon or muscle
What is bursitis?
When the bursa between joints becomes inflamed
What is tennis elbow?
When the tendons connecting the forearm to the outside of the elbow are inflamed
What are the major bones of the body?
Skull Mandible Clavicle Scapula Spinal vertebrae Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals
What makes up the spinal vertebrae?
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx
What is a pivot joint?
A joint that provides rotation of one bone around another (i.e. C1 & C2)
What is a hinge joint?
A joint that provides flexion and extension (i.e. elbow)
What is a saddle joint?
A joint that provides flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction (i.e. between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb)
What is a gliding joint?
A joint that provides gliding movements between two bones (i.e. tarsal bones)
What is a condyloid joint?
A joint that can provide flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction (in between metacarpals and phalanges)
What is a ball and socket joint?
A joint that provides flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation (i.e. hip)
What is hematopoiesis?
The formation of new red blood cells within the bone marrow
Where do red blood cells come from?
Hemocytoblasts
What is the life cycle of red blood cells?
3 months
What is the life cycle of platelets?
7 days
What is the life cycle of granulocytes?
7 hours
Why are red blood cells necessary for energy maintenance?
Oxygen must bind to them as part of the aerobic energy pathway
What is the purpose of the skeleton?
To support the muscles and organs
Initiate movement
Protect major organs
Provide location for red blood cells to be created (bone marrow)
What role does the skeletal system plan in mineral balance within the body?
It stores minerals and releases them as needed
What are the two types of tissue that exist within human bone?
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Where is compact bone located and what is its purpose?
The surface of bones
To protect the bone by allowing it to bear the weight of the body
Explain what a spongy bone is.
It contains more spaces than compact bone
Red bone marrow is housed within it
What are the major structures of the cardiovascular system?
Blood vessels Heart Superior and inferior vena cava Aorta Left and right atrium Left and right ventricle Mitral valve Tricuspid valve Aortic valve Pulmonary valve
What do blood vessels consist of?
Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
Venules
What is the cardiovascular system responsible for?
Pumping 5L of blood through the body at any given time
How long does it take for a red blood cell to make its way through the human body?
1 minute
What is the function of the superior vena cava?
It collects blood from the upper half of the body
What is the function of the inferior vena cava?
It collects body from the lower half of the body
What do the superior and inferior vena cava do with the blood they collect?
Take it to the right atrium
Is the blood collected by the superior and inferior vena cava oxygen-deficient or oxygen-rich?
Oxygen-deficient
What path does the oxygen-deficient bloodafter leaving the right atrium?
Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary valve Pulmonary artery Lungs Left atrium Mitral valve Left ventrical Aortic valve Aorta Rest of the body
What happens to the oxygen-deficient blood when it enters the lungs?
It becomes more oxygen rich
How does the oxygen-rich blood return to the left atrium?
Via the pulmonary vein
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Remove metabolic waste
Provides nutrients to the body
Provides protection from foreign microbes and viruses through white blood cells
Keeps our bodies in a state of homeostasis
What does exercise condition the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to do?
It conditions the sympathetic system to become less active during rest and the parasympathetic system to become more active during rest
What does the respiratory system consist of?
Larynx Trachea Lungs Pleural cavity Pleural membrane Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
What is the process of respiration?
1) Breath: brings oxygen into the lungs
2) External respiration: Oxygen from the blood and carbon dioxide are exchanged within alveoli
3) Internal respiration: Excess carbon dioxide is carried away from the lungs by blood
4) Cellular respiration: Oxygen is used to break down sugar within cells to produce water, ATP, energy, and carbon dioxide
When is the sympathetic nervous system activated and what is its purpose?
Early in the exercise session
Increase heart rate and blood pressure as response to stress of exercise
When is the parasympathetic nervous system activated and what is its purpose?
Later in the exercise session
Help blood pressure and heart rate plateau during the session & decrease heart rate and blood pressure to near resting levels during cooldown
What does exercise condition the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to do? Why?
It conditions the sympathetic system to become less active during rest and the parasympathetic system to become more active during rest
It allows the blood pressure and heart rate to remain low and keep them near normal levels during stressful situations
What does conditioning of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems allow the blood pressure and heart rate to do?
To remain low and keep them near normal levels during stressful situations
