Basic Anatomy Of The Heart And Major Vessels

Question 1

What is haematocrit?

Answer 1

Ratio of the volume of rbc to the total volume of blood.
Plasma = 56%
Wbc = 0.5%
Rbc = 44%

Question 2

Structure of blood vessels

Answer 2

Tunica intima, Tunica media, tunica external / adventitia

Question 3

Tunica intima

Answer 3

Endothelium and internal elastic lamina (arteries)

Question 4

Tunica media

Answer 4

Muscle cells and external elastic membrane

Question 5

Tunica external / adventitious

Answer 5

Collagen and vasa vasorum

Question 6

Elastic Artery size and example

Answer 6

More than 1cm, aorta

Question 7

Muscular Artery size and example

Answer 7

Large = 2-10mm, femoral 
Small = 0.1-2mm, lingual

Question 8

Arterioles size

Answer 8

10-100um

Question 9

Large vein size and example

Answer 9

More than 1cm, IVC

Question 10

Small / medium veins size and example

Answer 10

0.1-10mm facial

Question 11

Venule size

Answer 11

50-100um

Question 12

Endothelium Functions

Answer 12

1. Selectively permeable barrier (diffusion and transport)
2. Provides non-thrombogenic barrier ( no blood clotting but secreting anticoagulants)
3. Control of blood blood / resistance (vasoconstriction and vasodilation)

Question 13

Two categories of capillaries?

Answer 13

Continuous (blood brain barrier)

Fenestrated

Question 14

Where are the valves in the heart located?

Answer 14

Between the atrium and ventricle and between the left and right ventricles

Question 15

Valves description

Answer 15

Fibrocollagenous ring, electrically isolates atria from ventricles

Question 16

Angina pectoris

Answer 16

Decrease in blood flow due to Artery blockage, case anaerobic respiration in cardiac muscle causing a build of lactic acid causing pain

Question 17

Major features of conduction in cardiac muscle AP

Answer 17

Sinoatrial node, a ventricular node, bundle of His and purkinje fibres

Question 18

Sympathetic influences of ANS

Answer 18

Sympathetic increases HR and contractility, vasodilation of CA.

Question 19

Parasympathetic influences of ANS

Answer 19

Decreases HR

Question 20

Blood problems causes anaemia what is this?

Answer 20

Condition in which there is a deficiency of red blood cells or haemoglobin in the blood, causing weariness

Question 21

Problems with blood vessels affecting lumen size causes?

Answer 21

Atherosclerosis a disease in the arteries where the deposition of fatty material on their inner walls

Question 22

What is ischemia and how is it caused?

Answer 22

Ischemia is inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially heart muscle. Caused by heart problems or lumen size in blood vessel problems

Question 23

Heart problems can cause infarction what is this?

Answer 23

Tissue death caused by a reduction / stopping blood flow due to artery blockage, mechanical compression, rupture of vasoconstriction.

Question 24

Stenosis is caused by valve failure in the heart what is this?

Answer 24

Abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body