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Ophthalmology > Basic Anatomy and Fundamentals > Flashcards

Basic Anatomy and Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior Segment Contains

A

Anterior & Posterior Chambers w/ Cornea, aqueous humor, iris/ciliary body, lens

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2
Q

Posterior Segment Contains

A

Sclera, Choroid, Retina, Vitreous humor

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3
Q

Uveal Tract contains

A

Iris, Ciliary Body, Choroid

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4
Q

Meibomian glands

A

produce oil to mix with tears

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5
Q

Aqueous Humor Production

A

Continually being produced by cilary body (2-3 microliters/minute)

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6
Q

Intraocular Pressure (IOP)

A

Balance between formation and reabsorption of aqueous humor determines volume & pressure of IOP. Amount leaving usually = amount formed so pressure usually remains constant.
Elevated = Glaucoma

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7
Q

Aqueous Humor Outflow

A

Pupil –> anterior chamber –> trabeculae meshwork –> Canal of Schlemm –> Empties into extraocular veins & systemic circulation

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8
Q

Normal IOP

A

12-20mm Hg

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9
Q

Main determiner of IOP

A

Resistance to outflow of aqueous humor

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10
Q

Rods

A

Retinal receptors associated w/ peripheral vision and vision in low light (less concentrated in macula)

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11
Q

Cones

A

Retinal receptors associated w/ central vision and color vision

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12
Q

5 Corneal Layers

A 
External to Internal:
Epithelium (5-6 layers)
Bowman's Layer
Stroma (90% of corneal thickness)
Descement's membrane
Endothelium
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13
Q

Corneal Stroma

A

90% of corneal thickness
Composed of collagen fibrils
Stromal edema causes decreased corneal clarity

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14
Q

Descemet’s membrane

A

Specialized basement membraine for endothelial layer

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15
Q

Endothelium

A

Maintains desiccatio of the stroma by actively removing water

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16
Q

Anterior cornea provides how much refractive power of eye?

A

2/3

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17
Q

Lens provides how much refractive power of eye?

A

1/3

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18
Q

Accomodation

A

lens increases curvature in response to nervous signals from brain

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19
Q

Anterior suface of cornea can be modified to overcome refractive errors how?

A

Various types of surgeries

20
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness
EYEBALL is too LONG so FOCAL POINT is in FRONT of retina

(can’t relax ciliary muscle any more to extend focal point back further BUT when object comes ear, gets close enough that image can be focused onto retina)

21
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness
EYEBALL is too SHORT so FOCAL POINT is BEHIND retina

(lens can focus distant objects on the retina initially by accommodation. Accomodative power of the lens is eventually maxed out & lens can’t focus on close objects)

22
Q

Errors of Refraction

A

Emmetropia (20/20)
Hyperopia (Farsighted)
Myopia (Nearsighted)

23
Q

Myopia Correction

A

“Minus” concave numbers (e.g. -3.75 diopters)

24
Q

Hyperopia Correction

A

“Plus” convex numbers (e.g. +2.75 diopters)

25
Q

Presbyopia

A

Elasticity of lens declines w/ age
Lens loses ability to change shape to accommodate for near objects
Corrected w/ cheaters or bifocals

26
Q

Astigmatism

A

Non-spherical cornea
Corneal images focus at different distances

Accomodation manipulates the entire lens, so can’t correct for astigmatic refractive error in the cornea

27
Q

How the lens works

A

W/out tension, eye would assume spherical shape

Suspensory ligaments (zonules) attach radially around lens, pulling edges outward to flatten lens

Constant tension causes the lens to remain relatively flat in the normal state

Ciliary muscle attaches to zonules (lens ligaments) & causes contraction and relaxation of lens

28
Q

Ciliary muscle contraction

A

Zonules & Lens relax

Lens becomes more spherical to focus on NEAR OBJECT

29
Q

Ciliary muscle relaxation

A

Tension on zonules & lens increase

Lens flattens to focus on DISTANT OBJECTS

30
Q

Ciliary muscle control

A

Primarily Parasympathetic under CN III

Sympathetic –> minimal effect/almost no role in accomodation

31
Q

Pupillary Response

A

Direct & consensual pupillary light reflex
Sensory –> CN II
Motor –> CN III
Consensual response via Edinger-Westphal nucleus

32
Q

Parasympathetic pupillary response

A

stimulation causes pupillary muscle contraction & decreases in size

33
Q

Miosis

A

Decreasing pupil size

34
Q

Sympathetic pupillary response

A

dilates the pupil

35
Q

Mydriasis

A

Increasing pupil size

36
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A

Lesion of sympathetic pathway

Miosis, ptosis, absence of sweating on ipsilateral face/neck if preganglionic (sweating preserved if post-ganglionic)

37
Q

Marcus Gunn

A

Decreased direct reaction to light
Consensual response intact
RAPD with “swinging flashlight test”

38
Q

Argyll Robertson

A

Pupillary constriction w/ near accomodation but NOT to light stimulation

39
Q

Hx in pt w/ eye sx

A
  1. Any change in VA?
  2. Any Hx of trauma?
    OLDCARTS
    PMH: Comorbidities, Meds
    FH
    Pt. Profile: Occupation, Hobbies
40
Q

PE in pt w/ eye sx

A 
VA (best corrected)
VF/confrontation
Inspect: lids, lashes, brows, conjunctiva, sclera
EOMS
PERRLS
Ispect cornea/iris
Anterior Chamber Depth (IOP)
Lens clarity
Fundoscopic Exam - disc, vessels, retina, macula
*IOP if indicated
41
Q

Ocular Vital Signs

A 
VA
VF
EOMs
Pupillary Response
IOP
42
Q

Red Reflex

A

Cornea/aqueous/lens/vitreous must be clear

43
Q

Eye arteries

A

lighter in color than veins, 2/3 size of veins, have brighter light reflex

44
Q

Eye veins

A

larger, darker w/ less bright light reflex

45
Q

Disc Margins

A

sharp or blurred, elevated?

Cup/Disc ratio: normal is <1:2

46
Q

Retinal Background

A

Normal is uniform

Abnormal? Hemorrhages, “drusen,” “cotton wool spots”

47
Q

Macula

A

Temporal to disc; NO VESSELS = macular degeneration

Ophthalmology (9 decks)

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