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ABO > Basic Anatomy > Flashcards

Basic Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

comWhat is the avg. palpebral fissure?

A

15mm by 30mm.

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2
Q

What is the alternative of the transparent cornea to get its own “blood supply” since it doesn’t really have one?

A

An alternative is the tears which act as its own “blood supply” because it provides nutrients and oxygen.

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3
Q

What does HVID and VID refer to?

A

A measured corneal diameter; this measurement is ~1.25mm smaller than the true cornea.

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4
Q

What are the six extraocular muscles?

A

Medial rectus:towards the nose.

Lateral rectus:away from the nose.

Superior rectus: upward.

Inferior rectus:downward.

Superior Oblique:upward towards the nose.

Inferior Oblique:upward away from the nose.

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5
Q

How many diopters does the crystalline lens contribute to the refractive power?

A

Avg. 15.00D to 16.00D.

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6
Q

What does VID stand for?

A

Vertcial Iris Diameter.

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7
Q

Define presbyopia.

A

The loss of accommodation.

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8
Q

Describe the pupils.

A

The pupils is the black round opening of the eye.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the cornea?

A

Light rays pass through the cornea towards the light sensitive retina.

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10
Q

What happens to the ciliary body and zonular fibers if you are looking at something from a distance?

A

The ciliary body relaxes while the zonular fibers contract;lens become thinner.

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11
Q

What’s the function of the pupils?

A

Function: its opening allows the light rays to pass and is highly sensitive to light.

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12
Q

What’s the average vertical diameter of the cornea?

A

10.6mm!

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13
Q

What is the main purposes of eyelids?

A

To protect from foreign bodies & excessive light.

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14
Q

What is an iris?

A

Iris is the colored part of the eye made out of melanin.

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15
Q

What’s the function of the crystalline lens?

A

The crystalline lens focuses the light rays to the retina.

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16
Q

How much does the crystalline lens contribute in the refractive power?

A

1/3 of the refractive power.

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17
Q

What are the two sets of ciliary muscles that are attached above and below the crystalline lens by connective tissues?

A

Zonular Fibers.

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18
Q

Does the crystalline lens have its own blood supply?

A

No, its transparent.

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19
Q

What happens with every blink?

A

With every blink, the tears creates a smooth corneal surface; keeping the corneal metabolism at optimum levels. It protects it from infections and washes away debris.

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20
Q

What’s the shape of the crystalline lens?

A

It’s biconvex.

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21
Q

What part of the eye divides the front and back of the eyes?

A

The iris.

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22
Q

What happens when the ciliary body contracts?

A

The zonular fibers relax; causes the lens to thicken to focus something up close.

23
Q

How much the cornea contribute to the refractive power?

A

2/3 of the refractive power.

24
Q

How many diopters does the total eye power have?

A

60 diopters!

25
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The cornea is the clear,outer portion of the eye.

26
Q

What is palpebral fissure?

A

The palpebral fissure is the vertical space between the lower and upper lid margin.

27
Q

What are ciliary muscles?

A

Ciliary muscles are the muscles that shapes the crystalline lens.

28
Q

What’s the function of the iris?

A

The function of an iris is to control light inside the eye.

29
Q

What’s the crystalline lens?

A

The crystalline lens is the flexible, transparent structure located in the back of the iris.

30
Q

What’s the average horizontal diameter of the cornea?

A

Coincides in the sizes of the visible iris which is 11.7mm wide.

31
Q

What does HVID stand for?

A

Horizontal Visible Iris Diameter.

32
Q

What’s the most important thing to do when you measure the pupils?

A

To make sure you go to the same lighting as the eyeglasses would be used.

33
Q

Define accommodation.

A

The ability of the eye to change focus.

34
Q

What is the average blink rate per minute?

A

7 to 12 times per minute.

35
Q

What happens if someone becomes presbyopic?

A

They would need bifocals which focus near and far distance.

36
Q

What are cataracts?

A

cloudy opacities in the crystalline lenses; increased sensitivity to glare. not painful but hazy vision

37
Q

what is the term when an infant is born with cataracts?

A

congential cataract.

38
Q

When can cataracts ALSO occur?

A

Injuries, diseases, or trauma are called traumatic cataracts

39
Q

Define Aphakic.

A

When a patient has a cataract and gets surgically removed, no crystalline lenses.

40
Q

Define Pseudophakic.

A

If they have an IOL or intraocular implant, they have a “false” lenses.

41
Q

What is the retina?

A

The retina is a multi-layered sensory tissue that lines in the back of the eye.

42
Q

What does the retina contain?

A

It contains millions of photoreceptorsn that capture light and convert to electrical impulses.

43
Q

Where does the electrical impulses from the retina travel to?

A

To the optic nerve then to the brain where it becomes an image.

44
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors or nerve cells found in the retina called?

A

Rods & cones.

45
Q

What is the rod responsible for and how many rods are there?

A

For night vision and 125 million rods.

46
Q

Where can you find cones in the retina? How many cones are there? What’s their responsibility?

A

You find cones in the fovea which is the clearest part of the retina. 6-7 million. Sensation of color and light.

47
Q

What is a retinal detachment?

A

It is an ocular injury where the retina pulls away from the lining of the eye, that portion of the retina can atrophy or die and unless there is immediaate medical intervention, vision can be lost forever.

48
Q

What and where is the macula?

A

The macula contains a high concentration of photoreceptor cells that convert light into nerve signals nd allow us to see fine details. Located in the center of the retina.

49
Q

What is in the center of the macula? And what does this area contain?

A

The fovea centralis contains only cones and is responsible for colored vision.

50
Q

What is macular degeneration?

A

Macula and fovea provide clear vision and if this occurs people may notice that their vision is not as clear as it should be.

51
Q

What is an optic nerve?

A

It is a bundle of nerve fibers that carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

52
Q

How are normal blind spots created?

A

Because there are no rods or cones in the optic nerve. Most people never notice their blind spot because the vision overlaps from both eyes.

53
Q

Why is it important to have a healthy optic nerve?

A

Because if good signaos arent sent along both optic nerve pathways, the optic nerve cn atrophy or die and vision will forever be lost.

ABO (7 decks)

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