BASIC ANATOMY Flashcards
structure lies on the same side of the body as the other structure/location it is being compared to
ipsilateral
structure lies on the opposite side of the body as the other structure/location it is being compared to
contralateral
foot tilts up the way in dorsiflexion or plantar flexion
dorsiflexion
what describes the position of the hand and the forearm halfway between the supine and prone positions
semi-prone
cutting through ear to ear is what plane
coronal
what are the 3 planes
coronal, saggital and transverse
what is made up of the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system
circulatory system
what heart layer is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels connecting with the heart
endocardium
what are the heart layers
endocrine, myo and epicardium
where is av node
at av septum
impulses travel through what layer of the heart to get the ventricles to contract
myocardium
tunica intima is made up of
endothelium
tunica adventitia is made up of
connective tissue
sympathetic tone is in what vessels
arterioles
what provide alternative routes for blood flow to supply cells distal to an arterial occlusion
anastomoses
what are where arteries connect to each other without an intervening capillary network
anastomoses
what is each alternate route given by an anastomosis called
a collateral
what is the only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body called
end artery
what is irreversible cell death due to hypoxia caused by loss of arterial bloody supply
infarction
what is infarction the result of
untreated occlusion of an end artery
brachiocephalic artery bifurcates into
right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery
what arteries supply blood to the heart muscle
coronary arteries
branches of the arch of the aorta supply blood to…
head and upper limbs
descending aorta supplies blood to the
throat and abdomen
what does the abdominal aorta branch into
two common iliac arteries
what provides blood to the pelvis and lower limbs
the common iliac arteries from the abdominal aorta
is it superficial or deep veins that often are in neuromuscular bundles
deep veins
what venous system drains venous blood from absorptive parts of the GI tract and associated organs for cleaning
Hepatic portal venous system
what is tissue fluid
lymph
lymph from superficial lymphatic drain into
deep lymphatics
lymph from thoracic duct drains into
left venous angle
what drains into the right venous angle
right lymphatic duct
what skeleton includes the bones of the skull, neck and trunk
axial
the two skeletons are called
axial and appendicular
what forms a foramen
when the adjacent structure develops at the same time as bone and the bone has to grow around the other structure
what is a rough area of bone where muscle attaches
tuberosity
where is cartilage located
where mobility is required
what does it mean if a joint is more mobile
the more easily it is dislocated
do joints have a good sensory nerve supply
yes,excellent
what is usually fun deep to deep fascia
skeletal muscle
what attaches muscle to bone
tendon
what attaches muscle to soft tissue
aponeurosis
what is a flattened tendon
aponeurosis
where does biceps brachii short head originate
coracoid process of the scapula
where does the long head of biceps brachii originate
supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
where does both heads of biceps brachia insert
radial tuberosity and the fascia of the forearm via the bicipital aponeurosis
what nerve innervates the biceps brachii
musculocutaneous nerve
actions of biceps brachii
supination of the forearm and flexion of the shoulder and elbow joint
where does deltoid originate
lateral third of the clavicle, the acromion and the spine of the clavicle
where does deltoid attach to
deltoid tuberosity on the lateral aspect of the humerus
what innervates deltoid
axillary nerve
what do the anterior fibres of deltoid do
flexion and medial rotation of the shoulder
what do posterior fibres of deltoid do
extension and lateral rotation of the shoulder
what do the middle fibres of deltoid do
the major abductor of the arm
what do reflex tests test
muscle and nerve supplying it
what are the 2 main skeletal muscle reflexes
stretch and flexion withdrawal
what is the neuromuscular junction
synapse where motor nerve communicates with skeletal muscle
what is the flexion withdrawal reflex
touch something potentially damaging and sudden flexion to withdraw
muscle strain results from
overstretched, torn or twisted muscle
what describes a muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply so can’t contract and has reduced tone
paralysis
what describes a muscle that has intact and functioning motor nerve but the descending controls from the brain aren’t working
spasticity
what happens to myocytes in atrophy
become smaller
when do individual myocytes enlarge
hypertrophy
name of a haploid cell
gamete
what is a male gamete
spermatozoa
female gamete is a
oocyte or ovum
what separates the pelvic cavity and the perineum
pelvic floor (skeletal muscle)
what is inferior to the pelvic floor
perineum
what is the lining of abdominal cavity
parietal peritoneum
space between visceral and parietal cavity
peritoneal cavity
most inferior part of the peritoneal cavity in upright female
rectouterine pouch
pouch between bladder and uterus
vesicouterine pouch
pouch between uterus and rectum
rectouterine pouch
anterior to posterior in female- bladder, —-, rectum
uterus
what is the urinary tract known as
external urethral orifice
what is the female genital tract known as
vaginal orifice
what is the GI tract known as
anus
what is the main female reproductive organ
ovaries
what is the brush like projections in the female genital tract
fimbriae into the infundibulum
after infundibulum it goes into
ampulla then isthmus (narrow) then uterus then cervix to vagina
what are the layers of the uterus wall
endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium
what moves the ovum along uterine tube until it reaches the uterus
cilia
during menstruation a – ovum is expelled
unfertilized
what uterus layer contract to expel ovum
myometrium
where doe fertilisation usually occur
ampulla
where does implantation in pregnancy usually occur
body of the uterus
what is it called when a fertilised ovum implants outside fo the uterine cavity
ectopic pregnancy
what contains the testes
scrotum
what passes urine and ejaculation of sperm
urethra
what is the main reproductive organ for males
testes
what happens during erection
3 cylinders of erectile tissue become filled with blood at arterial pressure
what is the pouch in males between the bladder and rectum
rectovesical
where do testes originate
posterior wall of the abdominal cavity
when have the testes descended into the scrotum
by birth
what do seminiferous tubules produce
spermatozoa
what does the spermatic chord contain
-vas deferens
-testicular artery
-pampiniform plexus of veins
route for spermatozoa
seminiferous tubules to rete testis to head of epididymis then epididymis becomes vas deferens
what happens within the prostate
right and left ejaculatory ducts join together
the right and left ejaculatory ducts join together within the prostate and drain into
urethra
what does twisting of the spermatic chord do
disrupts blood supply causing severe pain and danger of necrosis
what is sterilisation in female
tubal ligation - uterine tubes clipped, cut or cauterized
what is male sterilisation
vasectomy - vas deferens transected and lumen sutured shut
what is an axon
electrical cable carrying action potentials
what surrounds axon
myelin sheath
what is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
ganglion
what is a bundle of axons in the CNS
Tract
what is a bundle of axons in the PNS
Nerve
what are these: somatic sensory, somatic motor, special sensory, visceral afferent, sympathetic, parasympathetic
modalities of axons
modalities of spinal nerves
somatic sensory, somatic motor and sympathetic
do spinal nerves and cranial nerves have axons that have mixed modalities
yes
what is the main part of the brain called
cerebrum
sulcus are the lines between
gyrus
what is the lobe in the brain between the frontal and occipital lobe
parietal
what does the spinal chord pass through
foramen magnum
4 segments of the spinal chord:
cervical (C1-C7)
thoracic (T1-T12)
Lumbar (L1-L5)
Sacral (S1-S5)
where are there 2 enlargements in the spinal chord
cervical and lumbosacral for control of limbs
where does the spinal chord end
conus medullaris
what level is the conus medullaris
L1/L2
when the lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots descend in the vertebral canal they form
cauda equina
what do autonomic nerves do
innervate organs, smooth muscle, glands
what does the spinal chord connect bilaterally with
spinal nerves
when do you name a spinal nerve according to the vertebrae below
cervical region spinal nerves
spinal nerves connect with structures of the soma via
rami
spinal nerves connect with the spinal chord via
roots and rootlets
what rami supplies most of the soma
anterior rami
a network of intertwined anterior rami that supply all the limbs Bia
plexus
rootlets and roots form spinal nerve before becoming
anterior and posterior rami
what plexus supplies the posterior scalp, neck wall and diaphragm
cervical
what plexus supplies the upper limb
brachial
what plexus supplies the lower limb
lumbar
what plexus supplies the lower limb, gluteal region and perineum
sacral
what has no posterior rami
limbs
what is an area of skin supplied by both the anterior and posterior rami of a spinal nerve
dermatomes
T4 dermatome is the
nipple
T10 dermatome is the
umbilicus
cranial nerves pneumonic
some say money matters but my brother says big brains matters more
cranial foramina for olfactory
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
foramina for optic nerve
optic canal
cranial foramina for occulomotor, trochlear and Trigeminal (1) and abducent
superior orbital fissure
foramina for trigeminal (2)
Foramen rotundum
foramen for trigeminal (3)
foramen ovale
foramen for facial nerve and vestibulocochlear
internal acoustic meatus
foramen for glossopharyngeal, vagus and spinal accessory nerve
jugular foramen
foramen for hypoglossal canal
hypoglossal canal
receptors for coarse, fine touch, vibration and proprioception
mechanoreceptors
receptors for temperature
thermoreceptors
receptors for well localised pain
nociceptors
somatic sensation to brain
Sensory receptors stimulated → anterior ramus → plexus (e.g. lumbar) → dorsal root ganglion → dorsal roots → dorsal rootlets → posterior horn → cross over midline and action potentials ascend towards brain
motor innervation to skeletal muscle
anterior horn , anterior rootlets, anterior roots, spinal nerves , plexus and synapse onto skeletal muscle which contracts
what reflexes misses out pathways to brain and is involuntary
spinal reflexes
visceral afferent sensory nerves detect pain that is usually
poorly localised
sympathetic spinal nerves exits at
T1-L2
sympathetic outflow travels via what to reach organs
splanchnic nerves
parasympathetic division does not supply
body wall organs or arterioles
parasympathetic axons leave the CNS via cranial nerves…
3,7,9 and 10
vagus nerve supplies organs of the
neck, chest and abdomen as far as the mid gut
what spinal nerves carry parasympathetic axons to handgun, pelvis and perineum
sacral spinal nerves
sensory and motor innervation of organs
sensory is visceral afferent and motor is sympathetic and parasympathetic
