Basic

Question 1

o S1

Answer 1

Closure of AV valves (mitral and tricuspid); signals the beginning of systole. Loudest at the apex.

Question 2

S2

Answer 2

Closure of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic); signals the end of systole. Loudest at the base.

Question 3

S3

Answer 3

Vibrations due to rapid ventricular filling; often linked to heart failure.

Question 4

Use the bell to

Answer 4

detect low-pitched sounds and murmurs

Question 5

ECG

Answer 5

• Detects electrical abnormalities in heart rhythm.
• Echocardiogram: Visualizes structural issues (e.g., valve dysfunction).

Question 6

Stress Testing

Answer 6

Assesses heart performance under exertion.

Question 7

Blood Work

Answer 7

o Lipid profiles for atherosclerosis risk.
o D-dimer for suspected clotting disorders.

Question 8

Imaging

Answer 8

Chest X-ray for fluid overload, vascular obstruction

Question 9

Cardiac-Respiratory Interconnection

Answer 9

o Poor cardiac output can cause pulmonary congestion and shortness of breath.
o Pulmonary embolism can result from vascular clots originating in the heart or veins.

Question 10

Differentiating GERD from Cardiac Symptoms

Answer 10

o GERD pain improves with antacids, while cardiac pain does not.
o Thorough health history and symptom analysis are critical for differentiation.

Question 11

Patient Education & Interventions

Answer 11

• Promote lifestyle changes (e.g., smoking cessation, healthy diet).
• Teach proper use of medications (e.g., anticoagulants, statins).
• Emphasize importance of routine check-ups and screenings.
• Address barriers to care caused by SDoH, offering resources as needed.

Question 12

Why Eat Less Sodium and Cholesterol for Heart Health?

Answer 12

Reduce Risk of Hypertension

Excess sodium increases blood pressure, a key risk factor for heart disease.
Lower sodium intake helps maintain normal blood pressure.
Prevent Plaque Buildup in Arteries

LDL cholesterol contributes to plaque formation in arteries, leading to atherosclerosis.
Lowering cholesterol intake reduces risks of blockages, heart attacks, and strokes.
Improve Overall Heart Function

A heart-healthy diet lessens strain on the heart, aiding efficient blood circulation.
Support Long-term Cardiovascular Health

Reduced sodium and cholesterol intake promotes healthy blood vessels and reduces inflammation.

Question 13

S4

Answer 13

Vibrations from atrial contraction into a stiff ventricle; seen in conditions like hypertension or myocardial infarction.

Question 14

Murmurs

Answer 14

Turbulent blood flow due to valve defects, increased blood velocity, or decreased viscosity.

Question 15

Key Terms and Tests in Cardiac Assessment

Answer 15

• ECG/EKG: Monitors electrical activity of the heart.
  o P Wave: Atrial depolarization.
  o QRS Complex: Ventricular depolarization.
  o T Wave: Ventricular repolarization.
• Echocardiogram: Evaluates heart structure and function.
• Blood Tests: Lipid profile (cholesterol levels), BNP (heart failure marker).
• Blood Pressure Measurement: Essential for hypertension diagnosis.