Bash Commands

Question 1

ls

Answer 1

ls — List directory contents

ls is probably the most common command. A lot of times, you’ll be working in a directory and you’ll need to know what files are located there. The ls command allows you to quickly view all files within the specified directory.

Syntax: ls [option(s)] [file(s)]
Common options: -a, -l

Question 2

echo

Answer 2

echo — Prints text to the terminal window

echo prints text to the terminal window and is typically used in shell scripts and batch files to output status text to the screen or a computer file. Echo is also particularly useful for showing the values of environmental variables, which tell the shell how to behave as a user works at the command line or in scripts.

Syntax: echo [option(s)] [string(s)]
Common options: -e,

Question 3

touch

Answer 3

touch — Creates a file

touch is going to be the easiest way to create new files, but it can also be used to change timestamps on files and/or directories. You can create as many files as you want in a single command without worrying about overwriting files with the same name.

Syntax: touch [option(s)] file_name(s)
Common options: -a, -m, -r, -d

Question 4

mkdir

Answer 4

mkdir — Create a directory

mkdir is a useful command you can use to create directories. Any number of directories can be created simultaneously which can greatly speed up the process.

Syntax: mkdir [option(s)] directory_name(s)
Common options: -m, -p, -v

Question 5

grep

Answer 5

grep — search

grep is used to search text for patterns specified by the user. It is one of the most useful and powerful commands. There are often scenarios where you’ll be tasked to find a particular string or pattern within a file, but you don’t know where to start looking, that is where grep is extremely useful.

Syntax: grep [option(s)] pattern [file(s)]
Common options: -i, -c, -n

Question 6

man

Answer 6

man — Print manual or get help for a command

The man command is your manual and is very useful when you need to figure out what a command does. For example, if you didn’t know what the command rmdir does, you could use the man command to find that out.

Syntax: man [option(s)] keyword(s)
Common options: -w, -f, -b

Question 7

pwd

Answer 7

pwd — Print working directory

pwd is used to print the current directory you’re in. As an example, if you have multiple terminals going and you need to remember the exact directory you’re working within, then pwd will tell you.

Syntax: pwd [option(s)]
Common options: options aren’t typically used with pwd

Question 8

cd

Answer 8

cd — Change directory

cd will change the directory you’re in so that you can get info, manipulate, read, etc. the different files and directories in your system.

Syntax: cd [option(s)] directory
Common options: options aren’t typically used with cd

Question 9

mv

Answer 9

mv — Move or rename directory

mv is used to move or rename directories. Without this command, you would have to individually rename each file which is tedious. mv allows you to do batch file renaming which can save you loads of time.

Syntax: mv [option(s)] argument(s)
Common options: -i, -b

Question 10

rmdir

Answer 10

rmdir — Remove directory

rmdir will remove empty directories. This can help clean up space on your computer and keep files and folders organized. It’s important to note that there are two ways to remove directories: rm and rmdir. The distinction between the two is that rmdir will only delete empty directories, whereas rm will remove directories and files regardless if they contain data or not.

Syntax: rmdir [option(s)] directory_names
Common options: -p

Question 11

locate

Answer 11

locate — Locate a specific file or directory

This is by far the simplest way to find a file or directory. You can keep your search broad if you don’t know what exactly it is you’re looking for, or you can narrow the scope by using wildcards or regular expressions.

Syntax: locate [option(s)] file_name(s)
Common options: -q, -n, -i

Question 12

less

Answer 12

less — view the contents of a text file

The less command allows you to view files without opening an editor. It’s faster to use, and there’s no chance of you inadvertently modifying the file.

Syntax: less file_name
Common options: -e, -f, -n

Question 13

compgen

Answer 13

compgen — Shows all available commands, aliases, and functions

compgen is a handy command when you need to reference all available commands, aliases, and functions.

Syntax: compgen [option(s)]
Common options: -a, -c, -d

Question 14

> — redirect stdout

Answer 14

> — redirect stdout

The > character is the redirect operator. This takes the output from the preceding command that you’d normally see in the terminal and sends it to a file that you give it. As an example, take echo “contents of file1” > file1. Here it creates a file called file1 and puts the echoed string into it.

Syntax: >
Common options: n/a

Question 15

cat

Answer 15

cat — Read a file, create a file, and concatenate files

cat is one of the more versatile commands and serves three main functions: displaying them, combining copies of them, and creating new ones.

Syntax: cat [option(s)] [file_name(s)] [-] [file_name(s)]
Common options: -n

Question 16

— Pipe

Answer 16

A pipe takes the standard output of one command and passes it as the input to another.

Syntax: |
Common options: n/a

— Pipe

Question 17

head

Answer 17

head — Read the start of a file

By default, the head command displays the first 10 lines of a file. There are times when you may need to quickly look at a few lines in a file and head allows you to do that. A typical example of when you’d want to use head is when you need to analyze logs or text files that change frequently.

Syntax: head [option(s)] file(s)
Common options: -n

Question 18

tail

Answer 18

tail — Read the end of a file

By default, the tail command displays the last 10 lines of a file. There are times when you may need to quickly look at a few lines in a file and tail allows you to do that. A typical example of when you’d want to use tail is when you need to analyze logs or text files that change frequently.

Syntax: tail [option(s)] file_names
Common options: -n

Question 19

chmod

Answer 19

chmod — Sets the file permissions flag on a file or folder

There are situations that you’ll come across where you or a colleague will try to upload a file or modify a document and you receive an error because you don’t have access. The quick fix for this is to use chmod. Permissions can be set with either alphanumeric characters (u, g, o) and can be assigned their access with w, r, x. Conversely, you can also use octal numbers (0-7) to change the permissions. For example, chmod 777 my_file will give access to everyone.

Syntax: chmod [option(s)] permissions file_name
Common options: -f, -v

Question 20

exit

Answer 20

exit — Exit out of a home directory

The exit command will close a terminal window, end the execution of a shell script, or log you out of an SSH remote access session.

Syntax: exit
Common options: n/a

Question 21

history

Answer 21

history — list your most recent commands

An important command when you need to quickly identify past commands that you’ve used.

Syntax: history
Common options: -c, -d

Question 22

clear

Answer 22

clear — Clear your terminal window

This command is used to clear all previous commands and output from consoles and terminal windows. This keeps your terminal clean and removes the clutter so you can focus on subsequent commands and their output.

Syntax: clear
Common options: n/a

Question 23

cp

Answer 23

cp — copy files and directories

Use this command when you need to back up your files.

Syntax: cp [option(s)] current_name new_name
Common options: -r, -i, -b

Question 24

kill

Answer 24

kill — terminate stalled processes

The kill command allows you to terminate a process from the command line. You do this by providing the process ID (PID) of the process to kill. To find the PID, you can use the ps command accompanied by options -aux.

Syntax: kill [signal or option(s)] PID(s)
Common options: -p

Question 25

sleep

Answer 25

sleep — delay a process for a specified amount of time

sleep is a common command for controlling jobs and is mainly used in shell scripts. You’ll notice in the syntax that there is a suffix; the suffix is used to specify the unit of time whether it be s (seconds), m (minutes), or d (days). The default unit of time is seconds unless specified.

Syntax: sleep number [suffix]
Common options: n/a