Base knowledge Flashcards
what is an acute response to exercise?
An immediate response of one or more of the bodies systems to exercise. eg.heart rate increasing as a gym member starts their warm up
What’s the difference between an acute and chronic response to exercise?
-acute response occurs within 30 days of exercise, chronic occurs after 30 days.
Formula for cardiac output
Cardiac Output= heart rate x stroke volume
what is cardiac output?
how much blood the heart can pump out in 1 minute (measured in litres per minute)
what is heart rate?
Heart Rate- number of times the heart beats in one minute
what is stroke volume?
the volume of blood ejected during ventricular contraction or for each stroke of the heart
what is Diastolic filling and what role does play during exercise?
-the period in which the ventricle fills with blood from the left atrium
-During exercise enhanced diastolic filling is responsible for increasing stroke volume
Effect of exercise on heart rate?
-increases so that sufficient blood is taken to the working muscles to provide them with enough nutrients and oxygen.
- also allows for waste products to be removed.
Effect of exercise on stroke volume?
increases which means more blood is pumped out of the heart each time it contracts
-decreases at end due to…
Effect of exercise on cardiac output
Increases
what is lung capacity?
the volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration
what can lung capacity be divided into?
-tidal volume
-inspiratory reserve volume
-expiratory reserve volume
-residual volume (RV)
what is tidal volume?
the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle
what is inspiratory reserve volume?
the maximum amount of additional air that can be taken into the lungs after a normal breath
what is expiratory reserve volume?
the maximum amount of additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after a normal breath
what is residual volume?
the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal out breath
what is breathing rate?
the number of breaths a person takes per minute
what is minute ventilation?
a measurement of the amount of air that enters the lungs per minute
what happens to minute ventilation, tidal volume and respiratory rate during exercise?
they all increase
formula for minute ventilation?
Minute ventilation= tidal volume x respiratory rate
what is metabolism?
the use of energy in order to complete daily tasks
what does 1 cal express?
expresses the quantity of heat needed to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1c
How are cal normally expressed and what does that mean?
-usually expressed as kilogram calories- the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1kg (1L) of water by 1c
How is the energy in food given?
-in Calories not calories: 1,000cal= 1kcal= 1 Cal
what is used to determine the calorie content of food?
bomb calorimeter- measures the heat liberated as a food burns completely
What makes it possible for us to measure energy expenditure in humans?
-because All the bodies metabolic processes result in heat production
How is energy expenditure measured in humans similarly to how it is in food?
-calorimeter- sealed with person exercising inside, water is pumped in and flows through copper coils and can calculate energy expenditure by looking at how much the individual heats the water
How is energy expenditure more commonly measured in humans?
by indirect calorimetry:
-depends on oxygen usage (by measuring oxygen consumption gives indirect measure of energy expenditure
-For every 1L of oxygen consumed we produce 4.82 kcal (blend of CHO, lipid and protein
What is power used for?
Used to quantify the amount of work done during exercise
work definition
the application of force through a distance
formula to calc work
Work= force x distance
power definition
work done per unit of time
formula to calc power
Power= force x distance /time
how is power measured during cycling
Power= frictional resistance x distance /time
Power= resistance of flywheel x circumference / time
what is units for power
s measured in Watts (1W= 0.10197kg-m /s)
what is the Wingate test
peak power test- looks at maximum power generated by an individual
what does absolute workload mean?
- a general measurement of intensity applied to anyone during exercise independent of other factors
what is absolute workload measured in?
in MET (the amount of energy any human uses in resting state)
-The more MET’s ur working at the higher the exercise intensity
What does relative workload mean?
intensity level specific to an individuals own level of fitness based off of their maximum capability of work (eg. a % of maximum heart rate or maximum oxygen uptake)
What factor can affect an individuals absolute and relative workload?
-Effected by gender as women overall have a lower maximal absolute and relative cardiac output
what organic molecules does 90% of the human body mass consist of?
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
what are organic molecules?
any molecules containing carbon
-Organ molecules associated with living organisms are known as biomolecules
what are the 4 groups of biomolecules?
-Protein (building blocks of muscles)
-Carbohydrates (energy source)
-Lipids (energy source)
-Nucleotides (DNA- holds genes, ATP- carry energy, regulate metabolism)
chemical formula for lipids
C8H12O2
-Has carboxyl group at end
chemical formula for carbohydrates?
C6H12O6
-Contains hydroxyl group
what are atoms?
are smallest particles of matter and all chemical elements are atoms.
what are molecules?
atoms joined together
Describe the atomic structure?
-all atoms have nucleus at centre
-Nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons
-Electrons orbit around nucleus- only 2 electrons in inner shell, 8 electrons can fit into second and third shells
-Always same number of protons as electrons
number of protons etc in hydrogen
-atomic number is 1 so only has 1 proton and 0 neutrons because hydrogen mass=1
number of protons etc in carbon
–Atomic number is 6 so has 6 protons and 6 neutrons because hydrogen mass=12
number of protons etc in nitrogen
-atomic number is 7 so has 7 protons and 7 neutrons as atomic mass= 14
number of protons etc in oxygen
-Atomic number is 8 so has 8 protons and 8 neutrons as atomic mass=16
why does covalent bonding occur?
-Electrons need to be gained so that the outer shell is full, this makes atoms unstable so therefore form chemical bonds (covalent bonds) by sharing electrons to achieve a stable structure
what does double bonds involve?
the sharing of 4 electrons (instead of 2)
what are hydrogen bonds
relatively strong intermolecular attractions between different molecules
why does hydrogen bonding occur?
form by electronegativity- attraction between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative atom
what is a mole?
counting unit used by chemists to indicate the number of atoms or molecules present in a particular chemical sample
-often used as when measuring out an amount of a substance its done in moles or the weight of a substance is used to work out the number of moles present
how are moles calculated?
=weight of substance/ atomic or molecular mass
what is concentration?
the amount of a substance dissolved in a given volume
-measures using moles per litre
–Used to work out how much of a substance and how much of a solution is needed to make a particular concentration or to work out the concentration of a given substance
what is the formula to calc concentration
=mass of substance (g) x volume of liquid (L)
why is pH related to enzymes?
-as enzymes have optimum pH condition to work in (shape of enzyme depends on pH)
What is pH
the amount of hydrogen ions or hydronium in water
what is difference between low and high pH substances?
-low pH substances have a high chance of donating H+ ions
-High pH ions have a high chance of donating OH- ions reducing the H+ conc
