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Exercise physiology > Base knowledge > Flashcards

Base knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

what is an acute response to exercise?

A

An immediate response of one or more of the bodies systems to exercise. eg.heart rate increasing as a gym member starts their warm up

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2
Q

What’s the difference between an acute and chronic response to exercise?

A

-acute response occurs within 30 days of exercise, chronic occurs after 30 days.

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3
Q

Formula for cardiac output

A

Cardiac Output= heart rate x stroke volume

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4
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

how much blood the heart can pump out in 1 minute (measured in litres per minute)

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5
Q

what is heart rate?

A

Heart Rate- number of times the heart beats in one minute

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6
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

the volume of blood ejected during ventricular contraction or for each stroke of the heart

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7
Q

what is Diastolic filling and what role does play during exercise?

A

-the period in which the ventricle fills with blood from the left atrium
-During exercise enhanced diastolic filling is responsible for increasing stroke volume

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8
Q

Effect of exercise on heart rate?

A

-increases so that sufficient blood is taken to the working muscles to provide them with enough nutrients and oxygen.
- also allows for waste products to be removed.

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9
Q

Effect of exercise on stroke volume?

A

increases which means more blood is pumped out of the heart each time it contracts
-decreases at end due to…

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10
Q

Effect of exercise on cardiac output

A

Increases

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11
Q

what is lung capacity?

A

the volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration

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12
Q

what can lung capacity be divided into?

A

-tidal volume
-inspiratory reserve volume
-expiratory reserve volume
-residual volume (RV)

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13
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

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14
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

the maximum amount of additional air that can be taken into the lungs after a normal breath

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15
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A

the maximum amount of additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after a normal breath

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16
Q

what is residual volume?

A

the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal out breath

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17
Q

what is breathing rate?

A

the number of breaths a person takes per minute

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18
Q

what is minute ventilation?

A

a measurement of the amount of air that enters the lungs per minute

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19
Q

what happens to minute ventilation, tidal volume and respiratory rate during exercise?

A

they all increase

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20
Q

formula for minute ventilation?

A

Minute ventilation= tidal volume x respiratory rate

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21
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the use of energy in order to complete daily tasks

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22
Q

what does 1 cal express?

A

expresses the quantity of heat needed to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1c

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23
Q

How are cal normally expressed and what does that mean?

A

-usually expressed as kilogram calories- the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1kg (1L) of water by 1c

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24
Q

How is the energy in food given?

A

-in Calories not calories: 1,000cal= 1kcal= 1 Cal

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25
Q

what is used to determine the calorie content of food?

A

bomb calorimeter- measures the heat liberated as a food burns completely

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26
Q

What makes it possible for us to measure energy expenditure in humans?

A

-because All the bodies metabolic processes result in heat production

27
Q

How is energy expenditure measured in humans similarly to how it is in food?

A

-calorimeter- sealed with person exercising inside, water is pumped in and flows through copper coils and can calculate energy expenditure by looking at how much the individual heats the water

28
Q

How is energy expenditure more commonly measured in humans?

A

by indirect calorimetry:
-depends on oxygen usage (by measuring oxygen consumption gives indirect measure of energy expenditure
-For every 1L of oxygen consumed we produce 4.82 kcal (blend of CHO, lipid and protein

29
Q

What is power used for?

A

Used to quantify the amount of work done during exercise

30
Q

work definition

A

the application of force through a distance

31
Q

formula to calc work

A

Work= force x distance

32
Q

power definition

A

work done per unit of time

33
Q

formula to calc power

A

Power= force x distance /time

34
Q

how is power measured during cycling

A

Power= frictional resistance x distance /time
Power= resistance of flywheel x circumference / time

35
Q

what is units for power

A

s measured in Watts (1W= 0.10197kg-m /s)

36
Q

what is the Wingate test

A

peak power test- looks at maximum power generated by an individual

37
Q

what does absolute workload mean?

A
  • a general measurement of intensity applied to anyone during exercise independent of other factors
38
Q

what is absolute workload measured in?

A

in MET (the amount of energy any human uses in resting state)
-The more MET’s ur working at the higher the exercise intensity

39
Q

What does relative workload mean?

A

intensity level specific to an individuals own level of fitness based off of their maximum capability of work (eg. a % of maximum heart rate or maximum oxygen uptake)

40
Q

What factor can affect an individuals absolute and relative workload?

A

-Effected by gender as women overall have a lower maximal absolute and relative cardiac output

41
Q

what organic molecules does 90% of the human body mass consist of?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

42
Q

what are organic molecules?

A

any molecules containing carbon
-Organ molecules associated with living organisms are known as biomolecules

43
Q

what are the 4 groups of biomolecules?

A

-Protein (building blocks of muscles)
-Carbohydrates (energy source)
-Lipids (energy source)
-Nucleotides (DNA- holds genes, ATP- carry energy, regulate metabolism)

44
Q

chemical formula for lipids

A

C8H12O2
-Has carboxyl group at end

45
Q

chemical formula for carbohydrates?

A

C6H12O6
-Contains hydroxyl group

46
Q

what are atoms?

A

are smallest particles of matter and all chemical elements are atoms.

47
Q

what are molecules?

A

atoms joined together

48
Q

Describe the atomic structure?

A

-all atoms have nucleus at centre
-Nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons
-Electrons orbit around nucleus- only 2 electrons in inner shell, 8 electrons can fit into second and third shells
-Always same number of protons as electrons

49
Q

number of protons etc in hydrogen

A

-atomic number is 1 so only has 1 proton and 0 neutrons because hydrogen mass=1

50
Q

number of protons etc in carbon

A

–Atomic number is 6 so has 6 protons and 6 neutrons because hydrogen mass=12

51
Q

number of protons etc in nitrogen

A

-atomic number is 7 so has 7 protons and 7 neutrons as atomic mass= 14

52
Q

number of protons etc in oxygen

A

-Atomic number is 8 so has 8 protons and 8 neutrons as atomic mass=16

53
Q

why does covalent bonding occur?

A

-Electrons need to be gained so that the outer shell is full, this makes atoms unstable so therefore form chemical bonds (covalent bonds) by sharing electrons to achieve a stable structure

54
Q

what does double bonds involve?

A

the sharing of 4 electrons (instead of 2)

55
Q

what are hydrogen bonds

A

relatively strong intermolecular attractions between different molecules

56
Q

why does hydrogen bonding occur?

A

form by electronegativity- attraction between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative atom

57
Q

what is a mole?

A

counting unit used by chemists to indicate the number of atoms or molecules present in a particular chemical sample
-often used as when measuring out an amount of a substance its done in moles or the weight of a substance is used to work out the number of moles present

58
Q

how are moles calculated?

A

=weight of substance/ atomic or molecular mass

59
Q

what is concentration?

A

the amount of a substance dissolved in a given volume
-measures using moles per litre
–Used to work out how much of a substance and how much of a solution is needed to make a particular concentration or to work out the concentration of a given substance

60
Q

what is the formula to calc concentration

A

=mass of substance (g) x volume of liquid (L)

61
Q

why is pH related to enzymes?

A

-as enzymes have optimum pH condition to work in (shape of enzyme depends on pH)

62
Q

What is pH

A

the amount of hydrogen ions or hydronium in water

63
Q

what is difference between low and high pH substances?

A

-low pH substances have a high chance of donating H+ ions
-High pH ions have a high chance of donating OH- ions reducing the H+ conc

Exercise physiology (18 decks)

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