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Neuro - Block 8 > Basal Nuclei: Movement And Movement Disorders > Flashcards

Basal Nuclei: Movement And Movement Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

___ movements are accomplished by neural signals that direct the actions of individual muscles

A

Voluntary

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2
Q

Voluntary movement signals originate in and are executed by the __

A

Cerebral cortex

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3
Q

Voluntary movement signals are __ by a variety is subcortical structures

A

Fine tuned and made smooth and precise

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4
Q

Involved in:

  • motor activities
  • sensorimotor integration and cognitive functions (learning and mastering of new, complex movements = dancing, skiing, swimming)
  • affects (pleasure from an adequate movement) which helps us to “remember” it
A

Basal nuclei (formerly known as “basal ganglia”)

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5
Q

Motor system that’s mediated by corticospinal neurons

A

Pyramidal

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6
Q

Motor system that’s mediated by the basal nuclei, cerebellum, or descending brainstem pathways

A

Extrapyramidal

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7
Q

Within the CNS, groups of cell bodies are called

A

Nuclei

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8
Q

Within the PNS, groups of nerve cell bodies are called

A

ganglia

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9
Q

The caudate nucleus, putamen, globes pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra are all included within what part of the basal nuclei?

A

Dorsal basal nuclei

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10
Q

The nucleus accumbens, substantia innominata, nucleus basalis of Meynert, and Olfactory tubercle are all included in which part of the basal nuclei

A

Ventral basal nuclei

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11
Q

Neostriatum (striatum) includes

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

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12
Q

Lenticular nucleus includes

A

Putamen

Globus pallidus

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13
Q

Where are the ventral basal nuclei located?

A

Inferior to the anterior commissure

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14
Q

A continuation of the lenticular nucleus

A

Nucleus accumbens

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15
Q

A continuation of the pallidum

A

Substantia innominata

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16
Q

The ventral region of the basal nuclei is associated with

A

Portions of the amygdala and ventral tegmental area

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17
Q

Fused rostroventrally, but are separated throughout most of their extents by fibers of the internal capsule

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen of the neostriatum

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18
Q

Ventral striatum is composed of what

A

Nucleus accumbens

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19
Q

Located rostroventrally in the hemisphere

A

Nucleus accumbens

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20
Q

Pallidal complex is composed of what

A

Globus pallidus

Ventral pallidum

21
Q

Has medial and lateral part divided by medullary lamina

A

Globus pallidus

22
Q

Synonymous with the substantia innominata

A

Ventral pallidum

23
Q

The main input TO the pallidum is from

A

Striatal complex (putamen)

24
Q

The main output FROM the pallidum is to the

A

Thalamus

25
Q

The pallidothalamic fibers exit the globus pallidus as what 2 bundles?

A

Ansa lenticularis

Lenticular fasciculus

26
Q

The two divisions of the globus pallidus are connected how?

A

Reciprocally (pallidopallidal fibers)

27
Q

Substantia nigra is divided into:

A 
Cell-dense portion (pars compacta)
Reticulated portion (pars reticulata)
28
Q

Major afferents to the nigral complex are from:

A

Striatal (putamen)

Pallidal complexes

29
Q

Nigral complex also receives:

A

Cortical (corticonigral)

Subthalamic (subthalamonigral)

30
Q

Contains melanin-containing neurons, whose dark color gives the name “black substance”

A

Pars compacta in the substantia nigra

31
Q

Neurons in the pars compacta use ___ and project primarily to the ____ as nigrostriatal fibers

A

Dopamine

Neostriatum

32
Q

Released by the pars compacta cells, may excite or inhibit striatal neurons, depending on the type of receptor on the postsynaptic membrane

A

Dopamine

33
Q

Formed by loose aggregations GABAergic neurons that are indistinguishable from those of the medial pallidum

A

Pars reticulata of the substantia nigra

34
Q

Neurons in the pars reticulata have what, and may do what?

A

Axis with an extensive system of collaterals

May project to and inhibit one or more target structures

35
Q

Target structures of the axons in the pars reticulata

A

Neostriatum (nigrostriatal fibers)

Thalamus (nigrothalamic fibers)

36
Q

Neurons in the pars reticulata have a ___ rate of discharge and ____ ____ their targets

A

High

Tonically inhibit

37
Q

Lens-shaped cell group that makes up the largest part of the ventral thalamus, and is rostral to the substantia nigra

A

Subthalamic nucleus

38
Q

The subthalamic nucleus receives projections from where?

A 
Lateral pallidal division (pallidosubthalamic fibers)
Cerebral cortex (corticosubthalamic fibers)
Nigral complex (nigrosubthalamic fibers)
39
Q

The subthalamic nucleus projects to what?

A

Both pallidal divisions (subthalamopallidal fibers) and to the substantia nigra (subthalamonigral fibers)

40
Q

An essential part of the indirect pathway underlying basal nuclear function

A

The connections to the pallidal divisions and to the substantia nigra (especially the subthalamopallidal projections to the medial globus pallidus)

41
Q

Formed from the axons of the neurons in Gpi; initially goes down (ventrally) and anteriorly, then loops medially, passing around the internal capsule, and then posteriorly (dorsally) to reach the thalamus

A

Ansa lenticularis (ansa means loop in Latin)

42
Q

These fibers penetrate the internal capsule to enter the thalamus

A

Lenticular fasciculus

43
Q

Fibers of the ansa lenticularis and lenticular fasciculus join together to form what? Where does it enter?

A

Thalamic fasciculus

Enters the thalamus

44
Q

Thalamic fasciculus fibers terminate where?

A

Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus

45
Q

The medial division of the pallidal complex is a principal efferent nucleus of what?

A

The basal nuclei

46
Q

Carries fibers of the indirect pathway from the external segment of the globus pallidus to the subthalamic nucleus, and from the subthalamic nucleus to the internal segment of the globus pallidus

A

Subthalamic fasciculus

47
Q

The blood supply to the striatum and globus pallidus is mainly from where?

A

The lenticulostriate branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA)

48
Q

Medial globus pallidus is often supplied by the:

A

Anterior choroidal artery (branch of internal carotid artery)

49
Q

The caudate head and anterior portions of the lentiform nucleus are often supplied by:

A

The recurrent artery of Heubner (branch of anterior cerebral artery [ACA])

Neuro - Block 8 (2 decks)

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