Basal Ganglia Function

Question 1

Aerobic aids in

Answer 1

Overall increase in brain health
Gets rid of neuro toxins
Angiogenesis

Question 2

Goal directed aids in

Answer 2

experience dependent neuroplasticity

Question 3

Figure 3 from the article

Answer 3

LOOK AT IT :)

Question 4

Fisher study - High intensity TT, Low intensity TT and No intensity (education) - results showed

Answer 4

bx changes
participants in the high intensity TT achieved longer stride lengths and greater amplitude (reduced hypokinesia) of motion at hip and ankle

Question 5

Fisher study - High intensity TT group

Answer 5

therapists were there 100% of the time and provided feedback so could make an argument that this was a combination - this was essentially a goal based/functional training - NOT a rote TT

Question 6

Fisher study - High intensity TT group - MET criteria per session

Answer 6

overall goal by end of 24 sessions to walk continuously 45 minutes with MET higher than 3.0

Question 7

Fisher study - Low intensity TT group - activities included

Answer 7

6 categories

PROM, AROM, balance, gait, functional/transitional

Question 8

Fisher study - limitation

Answer 8

time spent walking was not matched among groups

Question 9

Fisher study - outcomes used

Answer 9

UPDRS

Corticomotor excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 10

Fisher study - TMS looked at

Answer 10

brain to periphery processes

TMS pulses to motor cortex, record surface EMG on a contralateral muscle during voluntary isometric contraction

Question 11

Fisher study - CSP

Answer 11

Cortical silent period
If target muscle is preactivated, delivery to TMS results in CSP (disruption of the EMG) and this CSP represents inhibitory processes

Question 12

Fisher study - CSP and PD

Answer 12

OD have higher corticomotor (motor cortex) excitability due to loss of inhibition/activation balance
PD patients see shorter CSP times compared to healthy controls

Question 13

Why do patients with PD have a shorter CSP

Answer 13

They have higher corticomotor excitability - they are looking for any reason to get to threshold - it is a consequence of the reduction or deterioration of the motor circuit

Question 14

Goal based and aerobic not only benefits bx outcomes but in patients with PD it seems to also

Answer 14

benefit or normalize some of their cortical processes

The CSP increased in duration with the High intensity TT group

Question 15

Petzinger article

Answer 15

MAKE CARDS

Question 16

SMA is what

Answer 16

supplemental motor area

Question 17

SMA is key for what

Answer 17

planning of internally generated movements

Key for selecting automatic movements

Question 18

SMA itself seems very responsive to

Answer 18

Movement sequences, especially bimanual movement sequences

Internally generated movement sequences (walking, sit to stand)

Question 19

In patients with PD what happens with SMA

Answer 19

SMA - BG - Thalamus - SMA - Motor cortex
This is disrupted so you have to bypass this and use the occiptoparietal premotor area (more visual guidance of movement)

Question 20

SMA and Pre-SMA

Answer 20

Very responsive to visual input and the SMA is responsive to auditory input

Question 21

So…the SMA is involved in motor AND

Answer 21

auditory processing too!

Question 22

SMA and Pre-SMA - facilitating

Answer 22

Facilitating motor responses to sound

Question 23

SMA and Pre-SMA - dual stream framework

Answer 23

Anteroventral - what the sound is

Posterodorsal - where

Question 24

SMA and Pre-SMA - linking

Answer 24

action and sound!

Auditory imagery activates it too!

Question 25

What is special about the inferior parietal lobe

Answer 25

It localizes where with both auditory and visual input and sends it back to the SMA

Question 26

Where is the what for auditory

Answer 26

the primary auditory cortex lives within the superior temporal gyrus and the what (speech, music or whatever the sound is) goes from there to the inferior frontal gyrus to the SMA