Basal ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the components of the basal ganglia

A

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2
Q

What composes the dorsal basal nucleus?

A

Caudate, putamen and globus palidus

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3
Q

What composes the striatum?

Paleostriatum?

A
  • Caudate and Putamen

- globus pallidus

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4
Q

What comprises the ventral striatum?

A

Nucleus acumbens and olfactory nucleus

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5
Q

What compriese the ventral palladium?

A

Substantia inominata

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6
Q

What comprises the striatal complex?

A

Caudate
Putamen
Nucleus ambiguus
Olfactory tubercle

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7
Q

What comprises the palladial complex?

A

Globus pallidus

Substantia inominata

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8
Q

What type of circuit is the basal ganglia?

A

Inhibitory > allows movement

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9
Q

What is the function of the skeletomotor loop?

A

Role in control of facial, limb and trunk musculature

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10
Q

Describe the overview of the skeletomotor loop

A

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11
Q

What is the function of the oculomotor loop?

A

Control of saccadic eye movements

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12
Q

What is the function of the associative loop?

A

Plays a role in cognition and executive function

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13
Q

What is the function of the limbic loop?

A

Motivational regulation of behavior, emotion

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14
Q

Draw the skeletomotor pathway

A

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15
Q

Draw the indirect skeletomotor pathway

A

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16
Q

What is the cause of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Substantia Nigra does not release enough dopamine = not enough movement

17
Q

Classic Parkinson’s triad:

A

Tremor (pill rolling)
Cogwheel rigidity (resting tremor + rigidity)
Bradykinesia

18
Q

*What are the causes of Parkinsonian syndrome?

A
Head trauma - dementia puilistica
MPTP (drug)
Encephalitis lethargica
CO or Mn poisoning 
Dopamine blocking drugs (neuroleptics) 
Wilson disease
19
Q

How is parkinson’s treated?

A

Increase dopamine levels via drugs

Deep brain stimulation

20
Q

What causes Huntington’s chorea?

A

Degeneration of neurons in the striatum, leading to decreased GABA release
Due to HTT gene mutation (CAG trinucleotide repeats)

21
Q

Symptoms of Huntington’s disease

A

Jerky movements
Unsteady gait, slurred speech
Dementia (inappropriateness)
depression

22
Q

Treatments of huntington’s disease

A

Tetrabenazine (serotonin antagonist)
Antipsychotic (antagonize dopamine)
Reserpine, tetrabenazine (deplete dopamine)

23
Q

Symptoms of ballismus

A

Flailing, flinging movement of whole extremity

Contralateral damage to subthalamic nucleus

24
Q

What are the symptoms of chorea?

A

Jerky, purposeless movements

25
Q

Symptoms of acute rheumatic fever

A
JONES 
Joints (arthritis) 
Heart (carditis)
Nodules (subcutaneous)
E (erythema)
S (Sydenham's chorea)
26
Q

What are the symptoms of athetosis?

What is it usually associated with?

A
  • Can’t sustain body part in one position. Writhing snake like movements. Slower, less jerky than chorea
  • Seen with dopamine blocking drugs or hypoxic ischemic injury
27
Q

What are the symptoms of writer’s cramp/focal dystonia?

A

Fixing of the posture, severely affects ability to write, contracture of extensors and flexors of hand

28
Q

What are other types of dystonia?

A

Torticollis (cervical dystonia)
Blepharospasm
Drugs