Basal ganglia Flashcards
Identify the components of the basal ganglia
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What composes the dorsal basal nucleus?
Caudate, putamen and globus palidus
What composes the striatum?
Paleostriatum?
- Caudate and Putamen
- globus pallidus
What comprises the ventral striatum?
Nucleus acumbens and olfactory nucleus
What compriese the ventral palladium?
Substantia inominata
What comprises the striatal complex?
Caudate
Putamen
Nucleus ambiguus
Olfactory tubercle
What comprises the palladial complex?
Globus pallidus
Substantia inominata
What type of circuit is the basal ganglia?
Inhibitory > allows movement
What is the function of the skeletomotor loop?
Role in control of facial, limb and trunk musculature
Describe the overview of the skeletomotor loop
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What is the function of the oculomotor loop?
Control of saccadic eye movements
What is the function of the associative loop?
Plays a role in cognition and executive function
What is the function of the limbic loop?
Motivational regulation of behavior, emotion
Draw the skeletomotor pathway
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Draw the indirect skeletomotor pathway
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What is the cause of Parkinson’s disease?
Substantia Nigra does not release enough dopamine = not enough movement
Classic Parkinson’s triad:
Tremor (pill rolling)
Cogwheel rigidity (resting tremor + rigidity)
Bradykinesia
*What are the causes of Parkinsonian syndrome?
Head trauma - dementia puilistica MPTP (drug) Encephalitis lethargica CO or Mn poisoning Dopamine blocking drugs (neuroleptics) Wilson disease
How is parkinson’s treated?
Increase dopamine levels via drugs
Deep brain stimulation
What causes Huntington’s chorea?
Degeneration of neurons in the striatum, leading to decreased GABA release
Due to HTT gene mutation (CAG trinucleotide repeats)
Symptoms of Huntington’s disease
Jerky movements
Unsteady gait, slurred speech
Dementia (inappropriateness)
depression
Treatments of huntington’s disease
Tetrabenazine (serotonin antagonist)
Antipsychotic (antagonize dopamine)
Reserpine, tetrabenazine (deplete dopamine)
Symptoms of ballismus
Flailing, flinging movement of whole extremity
Contralateral damage to subthalamic nucleus
What are the symptoms of chorea?
Jerky, purposeless movements
Symptoms of acute rheumatic fever
JONES Joints (arthritis) Heart (carditis) Nodules (subcutaneous) E (erythema) S (Sydenham's chorea)
What are the symptoms of athetosis?
What is it usually associated with?
- Can’t sustain body part in one position. Writhing snake like movements. Slower, less jerky than chorea
- Seen with dopamine blocking drugs or hypoxic ischemic injury
What are the symptoms of writer’s cramp/focal dystonia?
Fixing of the posture, severely affects ability to write, contracture of extensors and flexors of hand
What are other types of dystonia?
Torticollis (cervical dystonia)
Blepharospasm
Drugs
