Basal ganglia

Question 1

Identify the components of the basal ganglia

Answer 1

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Question 2

What composes the dorsal basal nucleus?

Answer 2

Caudate, putamen and globus palidus

Question 3

What composes the striatum?

Paleostriatum?

Answer 3

• Caudate and Putamen

- globus pallidus

Question 4

What comprises the ventral striatum?

Answer 4

Nucleus acumbens and olfactory nucleus

Question 5

What compriese the ventral palladium?

Answer 5

Substantia inominata

Question 6

What comprises the striatal complex?

Answer 6

Caudate
Putamen
Nucleus ambiguus
Olfactory tubercle

Question 7

What comprises the palladial complex?

Answer 7

Globus pallidus

Substantia inominata

Question 8

What type of circuit is the basal ganglia?

Answer 8

Inhibitory > allows movement

Question 9

What is the function of the skeletomotor loop?

Answer 9

Role in control of facial, limb and trunk musculature

Question 10

Describe the overview of the skeletomotor loop

Answer 10

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Question 11

What is the function of the oculomotor loop?

Answer 11

Control of saccadic eye movements

Question 12

What is the function of the associative loop?

Answer 12

Plays a role in cognition and executive function

Question 13

What is the function of the limbic loop?

Answer 13

Motivational regulation of behavior, emotion

Question 14

Draw the skeletomotor pathway

Answer 14

ok

Question 15

Draw the indirect skeletomotor pathway

Answer 15

ok

Question 16

What is the cause of Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 16

Substantia Nigra does not release enough dopamine = not enough movement

Question 17

Classic Parkinson’s triad:

Answer 17

Tremor (pill rolling)
Cogwheel rigidity (resting tremor + rigidity)
Bradykinesia

Question 18

*What are the causes of Parkinsonian syndrome?

Answer 18

Head trauma - dementia puilistica
MPTP (drug)
Encephalitis lethargica
CO or Mn poisoning 
Dopamine blocking drugs (neuroleptics) 
Wilson disease

Question 19

How is parkinson’s treated?

Answer 19

Increase dopamine levels via drugs

Deep brain stimulation

Question 20

What causes Huntington’s chorea?

Answer 20

Degeneration of neurons in the striatum, leading to decreased GABA release
Due to HTT gene mutation (CAG trinucleotide repeats)

Question 21

Symptoms of Huntington’s disease

Answer 21

Jerky movements
Unsteady gait, slurred speech
Dementia (inappropriateness)
depression

Question 22

Treatments of huntington’s disease

Answer 22

Tetrabenazine (serotonin antagonist)
Antipsychotic (antagonize dopamine)
Reserpine, tetrabenazine (deplete dopamine)

Question 23

Symptoms of ballismus

Answer 23

Flailing, flinging movement of whole extremity

Contralateral damage to subthalamic nucleus

Question 24

What are the symptoms of chorea?

Answer 24

Jerky, purposeless movements

Question 25

Symptoms of acute rheumatic fever

Answer 25

JONES 
Joints (arthritis) 
Heart (carditis)
Nodules (subcutaneous)
E (erythema)
S (Sydenham's chorea)

Question 26

What are the symptoms of athetosis?

What is it usually associated with?

Answer 26

• Can’t sustain body part in one position. Writhing snake like movements. Slower, less jerky than chorea
• Seen with dopamine blocking drugs or hypoxic ischemic injury

Question 27

What are the symptoms of writer’s cramp/focal dystonia?

Answer 27

Fixing of the posture, severely affects ability to write, contracture of extensors and flexors of hand

Question 28

What are other types of dystonia?

Answer 28

Torticollis (cervical dystonia)
Blepharospasm
Drugs