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Foundations For Successful Study And Practice > Barriers For Effective Communication > Flashcards

Barriers For Effective Communication Flashcards

1
Q

What are barriers for effective communication¿

A

Listening to react rather than to understand.
Attractive communicator.
Unattractive communicator.
Being right rather than trying to understand.
Predefined thoughts and dogmas.
Trying to remember info instead of applying memory.
Sympathising.
Creating expectations that will disappoint.
Lack of self discipline, vulnerable to distractions.
Jumping to conclusions, assumptions.

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2
Q

What can be learned when observing non-verbal communication¿

A

Clues about intentions, emotions and motivations.

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3
Q

What are the 4 parts of non-verbal communication ¿

A

Body posture, gesticulation, space and facial expressions and eye movements.

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4
Q

Body posture

A

Open and closed. Crossed arms, legs indicate mistrust or anxiety.

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5
Q

Gesticulation

A

Emphasise something important. Excessive hand gestures can indicate stress, certain mental health state or sociocultural background.

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6
Q

Space

A

The further the patient is from you the more uncomfortable he is.

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7
Q

Facial expressions and eye movements

A

Excessive blinking: I feel uncomfortable with what I’m saying.
Half smile: you are believing my lie.
Wide pupils: you are saying something interesting.
Looking towards door/window: feel uncomfortable, want to leave.
Looking up: constructing a lie, not sure if you will understand.
Eyes moving all the time: anxiety, I need to be somewhere else.

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8
Q

Define validation theory

A

Acknowledging ideas in an empathetic way, applying polarisation and re-formulation, to facilitate the organisation of thoughts/ideas to reduce stress. Naomi Feil.

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9
Q

What are the main aspects of validation concept¿

A

Validate patient’s feelings and opinions, even if you don’t agree.
Rephrase - polarise - offer alternatives.

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10
Q

What do many caregivers experience¿

A

Guilt: Helplessness, I’m not doing enough.
Difficulty understanding condition: educate caregivers.
Finding a balance: between patronising the patient and supporting rehabilitation.
Acceptance: especially with patents with personality disorders.
Shame: when patients do something embarrassing out of character.

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11
Q

Caregiver communication

A

Reassure: most of the time they are doing a good job.
Acceptance: many behavioural difficulties are caused by the disease.
Caregiving is always about compassion. What they are doing means a lot less than why they are doing it.

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12
Q

Describe self-fulfilling prophecies (Pygmalion effect)

A

How labels reinforce themselves over time. We start taking on labels others give us.
originally false social belief leads people to act in ways that objectively confirm that belief.
Our actions towards others -> others beliefs -> others actions towards us -> our beliefs about ourselves ->

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13
Q

Define cognitive flexibility

A

Individual’s ability to easily adapt to a changing environment, based on one’s mental malleability.

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14
Q

Main aspects of cognitive flexibility

A

Able to understand a point of view without agreeing with it.
Confidence - awareness - adaptability.
Able to see things from different perspectives.

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15
Q

Benefits of cognitive flexibility

A

Facilitates learning of relevant, but complicated matters.
Potentialise the use of acquired knowledge in real-life situations.
Modify unhelpful or unhealthy thought patterns.
Development of alternative learning environments and methods to promote “flexible knowledge application”.

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16
Q

Tips for a more flexible mind.

A

Ask questions, trying to investigate each learned topic from different perspectives.
Research topics that interest you and look for connection to different topics.
Establish support systems with similar interests.
Avoid arguments - prefer discussion. Listen to understand not to react.
Experiment, force yourself into new environments and situations.
Let go of attachments.

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17
Q

Ellis’ core unhelpful beliefs.

A
  1. I need everyone’s approval.
  2. I must avoid being disliked from any source.
  3. My value depends on being successful.
  4. Making mistakes makes me a bad person.
  5. People should strive to make me happy.
  6. People who don’t make me happy deserved punishment.
  7. Things should work out the way I expect them to.
  8. My emotions are an illness, I can’t control them. (Responsibility).
  9. I can feel happy without contributing something back (life is about me).
  10. Everyone needs to rely on someone stronger.
  11. Events in my past are the root of my behaviour today (Responsibility).
  12. The past always repeats itself in outcomes.
  13. I shouldn’t have to feel sad, pain or discomfort.
  14. Someone should take responsibility for me.
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18
Q

What is the difference between cognitive bias and distortion¿

A

Cognitive distortions are the thoughts that lead to misrepresentation of the reality. Leads the understanding to unhealthy thinking patterns. Cognitive bias is when personal, emotional, social, moral and other variables interfere with our judgment. Info is mistakenly processed, leading to false interpretations and unhelpful assumptions.

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19
Q

Sensory anchoring bias (memory resilience)

A

Tendency to rely on the first piece of information.

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20
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Estimating the value of one’s personal experience above evidence.
Bias

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21
Q

Bandwagon effect

A

Pack behavior, that protects against isolation.

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22
Q

Personal blind spots

A

It is easier to identify imperfections on others.

Bias

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23
Q

Confirmation

A

To favor ideas that support one’s argument, discarding other points of view.
Bias

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24
Q

Fact and bias info

A

Pursue of information that has no effect on personal growth.

Bias

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25
Q

Placebo effect

A

Believing that something will happen, leads to it happening.

Bias

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26
Q

Outcome bias

A

Judging outcomes of actions rather than considering the intentions.
Bias

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27
Q

Pro-innovation bias

A

To be part of innovations is greater than the innovation itself.
Bias

28
Q

Generalisation bias

A

Categorization of others, in order to create a label.

Bias

29
Q

Mental filtering

A

My initial perception is contrast to the evidence so the evidence is irrelevant.
Distortion

30
Q

Polarised thinking

A

Black and white thinking. Taking ideas to the extreme. Best or worst no middle.
Distortion

31
Q

Overgeneralization of experiences

A

What happened once will always repeat in the future.

Distortion

32
Q

Assumption

A

Not taking time to reflect on an experience, basing decisions on assumptions.
Distortion

33
Q

Catastrophizing

A

Considering the worst outcome possible as the most likely. Anxiety patients.
Distortion

34
Q

Personalisation

A

Relating everything heard to oneself, taking over the conversation.
Distortion

35
Q

Self victimisation

A

Learned helplessness. I have no control over anything. PTSD patients.
Distortion

36
Q

Fallacy of fairness

A

Blaming bad outcomes on fairness.

37
Q

Blaming

A

Denying self responsibility, leading to/based on lack of empowerment.
Distortion

38
Q

Heaven’s reward fallacy

A

Suffering can be justified to serve a greater good. If you do this you will be rewarded.
Distortion

39
Q

Confusing feelings with facts

A

Insisting on “I feel” being equal to “I am”. If I feel something it’s a fact. My opinion is fact.
Distortion

40
Q

Self-labelling

A

A strategy to facilitate understanding of self (or the impression of it), leading to impairment in personal growth.
Distortion

41
Q

Mind reading

A

Assuming to know what others are thinking, planning and/or how others perceive oneself

42
Q

Guessing

A

The idea of being able to define the outcome of an event or experience based on assumptions.
Distortion

43
Q

Drama Triangle

A

Victim(patient) - rescuer(therapist) - persecuter (person or situation)
Don’t let your patient be the victim. You will end up as the persecuter.

44
Q

What are the main aspects of confidentiality¿

A

Everything a patient tells you is confidential.
It is essential for trust.
Seek consent if asked for info about patient.
Anonymise data so patient cannot be identified.
Keep disclosure to the minimum necessary.

45
Q

What are good habits to perform better on exams¿

A 
Read the whole question twice.
Look for instruction words.
Look for topic words.
Look for any words that may restrict the topic in anyway. 
Rewrite the question in your own words.
Make sure you understand the topic.
Know the technical terms
Too much is just as bad as too little.
46
Q

What are characteristics of good notes¿

A

Organised in a manner that I know where to find information in just a few seconds.
Main points are distinguishable from the details.
Present short examples about the main concepts, hints on interpreting the info.
They give me the possibility to test myself after reviewing them at home.
They are space-saving.
The amount of visual input I receive does not overflow me with information.

47
Q

List

A

Record with short pieces of info.

48
Q

Name

A

Provide the name of something.

49
Q

Justify

A

Provide evidence that something is true or reasonable.

50
Q

Describe

A

Provide a detailed report on a topic.

51
Q

Explain

A

Provide insight on how something works, clarifying the cause, context and consequences.

52
Q

Define

A

Provide general meaning or key features of a topic.

53
Q

Introduction

A

Define topic. Provide basic info needed to understand the rest of the work. Hypothesis / conclusion in the end.

54
Q

Methods

A

All info on what was done, so another scientist can repeat the experiment and find the same results.

55
Q

Results

A

Exact description of findings. No comments, opinion, comparison.

56
Q

Discussion

A

Compare and comment on results. Explain why results were found. Present different arguments that will help the reader come to his own conclusion.

57
Q

Conclusion

A

Explain what/why/how was done. Defending one hypothesis from the introduction, based on findings in results and arguments in discussion.

58
Q

Reference

A

Provide sources for the information used, correctly.

59
Q

Define plagiarism.

A

Presenting someone else’s idea or work as your own.

60
Q

Reference a book

A

Surname, initial. (Year). Title in italics. Publisher capitalised.

61
Q

Reference a journal

A

Surname, initial., & surname, initial. (Year). Article title. Journal title italics capitalised, volume(issue), page nr. Doi

62
Q

Give examples of in-text citations.

A

(Surname, year)
(Surname & surname, year)
(Surname, year, p. ¿) direct citation
(Surname et al., year) more than 2 authors

63
Q

What are ADLs and IADLs¿

A

ADL are activity daily living: activities necessary for basic functional living. Dressing, bathing, eating, toilet…
IADL are instrumental activity daily living: activities that allow an individual to live independently in a community. Using phone, shopping, meal prep, cleaning, laundry, medicine, finance…

64
Q

What does ICF stand for and what are its categories ¿

A

International classification of functioning, disability and health.
Health condition, body structure/function, activity, participation, environmental factors, personal factors.

65
Q

How to emphasise a message

A

Intonation.
Gesticulation.
Pause in speech.

Foundations For Successful Study And Practice (1 decks)

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