baroque Flashcards
origin of
Baroque
from the Portuguese word barroco, meaning irregularly or misshapen pearl
definition of
polyphonic texture
two or more independent voices (or parts) combined
definition of
homophonic texture
a single line of melody supported by a harmonic accompaniment
definition of
basso continuo
two performers, one playing notated bass line and one realizing harmonies as indicated by figured bass. provides harmonic framework
definition of
figured bass
musical shorthand - numbers are placed below the bass line to show harmonic progression. provides structure for guided improvisation.
definition of
ornamentation
the use of musical embellishment to decorate a melodic line. represented with symbols or improvised.
definition of
terraced dynamics
a Baroque practice of changing volume levels abruptly. results in stark contrast rather than gradual change
definition of
major-minor tonal system
music based on major (Ionian) and minor (Aeolian) scales
definition of
the Affections
refers to emotional states of the soul. a single “affect” (one clear emotion) is usually projected through an entire composition or movement
definition of
programmatic writing
music with a descriptive element that is inpired by extramusical associations, like a story or painting
definition of
concerto
generally in three movements (fast-slow-fast). frequently employs ritornello form. intended to showcase the virtuosity of the soloist
definition of
ritornello form
structure employed in the first and third movements of the Baroque concerto. opening passage (ritornello) is restated throughout the movement, serving as a refrain
definition of
ripieno
Italian for “full” or “complete”. term used to denote the use of the full orchestra in the Baroque concerto. often juxtaposed against the concertino
definition of
idiomatic writing
highlights the unique technical capabilities of an instrument through the style of writing
definition of
ostinato
Italian for obstinate or persistent. a rhythmic or melodic pattern repeated for an extended period
definition of
pedal point
a note or series of notes, sustained through harmony changes in other parts
The Four Seasons: Spring
date of composition
1725
The Four Seasons: Spring
genre
solo violin concerto
The Four Seasons: Spring
performing forces
solo violin, strings, and continuo
The Four Seasons: Spring
structure
three movements (fast-slow-fast)
The Four Seasons: Spring
historical context and circumstances of composition
Vivaldi spent three years in Mantua, during which he wrote The Four Seasons, which may have been inspired by the changing countryside around Mantua
a prelude is mostly ____phonic
homophonic
a fugue is ____phonic
polyphonic
definition of
subject and answer
subject - initial statement of the main theme of a fugue
answer - second statement of the main theme of a fugue
definition of
countersubject
a recurring countermelody, accompanies entries of the subject and answer
definition of
counterpoint
a combination of two or more melodic lines also reffered to as polyphonic texture
definition of
real and tonal ansswer
real - an exact transposition of the subject
tonal - a statement of the subject in which one or more intervals is adjusted to accomodate the harmony
when and where was Bach born?
Eisenach, Germany in 1685
