Bang some questions out Flashcards
What is contained in the inguinal canal male vs female?
What is the role of the gubernaculum?
Males = spermatic cord, genitofemoral (motor) and ilioinguinal (sensory) Females = round ligament Males = attaches inferior gonad to scrotum Women = ovaries to uterus, becoming the ovarian ligament
Absence of testosterone/Anti-Mullerian Hormone the Mullerian/paramesonephric ducts develop into?
With testosterone?
What produces the AMH?
Uterus, upper vagina and fallopian tubes
Processes vaginalis
Sertoli cells
What is contained in the spermatic cord?
3 arteries, 3 nerves, 3 other things
Testicular artery Cremasteric artery (and vein) Vas deferens artery Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve Cremasteric nerve Sympathetic nerves Pampiniform plexus of testicular veins Vas deferens Lymph vessels
What produces spermatozoids?
Precisely where are they found?
What cells line this structure?
Testes
Centre of the seminiferous tubules
Sertoli cells
What is the role of the pampiniform plexus?
Where do the right and left testicular veins drain into?
What is the clinical significance of this?
Heat exchanger, cooling the arterial blood before it reaches the testes
Right = IVC
Left = Left renal vein
Left renal vein is a smaller vessel with perpendicular angle causing increase risk of varicocele formation in the left testicular veins
What is the role of the vas deferens?
How many muscle layers does it contain?
Conveys sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
3
What is the anatomical course of the vas deferens?
Continuous with tail of epididymis, through inguinal canal, lateral pelvic wall, passes between bladder and ureter, joins seminal vesicle to form ejactulatory duct
What are 5 differential diagnosis for enlarged scrotum?
How are they differentiate?
Inguinal hernia - cough/standing Hydrocoele - transilluminated Haematocoele - non-transilluminable Varicocoele - visible distended veins Epididymitis - pain
What is the presentation of testicular torsion?
How can it be diagnosed?
Why is it a medical emergency?
Sudden, severe pain in one or both testes, onset often during physical activity + negative cremasteric reflex
U/S and colour doppler
Risk of necrosis
What is the classical testicular torsion direction?
What are the non-surgical and surgical treatments for testicular torsion?
Medial torsion
Non-surgical = manual detorsion following analgesia and sedation
Surgical = orchiopexy (securing the testicle to the scrotal wall to prevent recurrence)
What type of genital herpes is more common?
Presentation?
Diagnosis?
Treatment?
HSV-2
Painful ulcers and constitutional symptoms
PCR assay or viral culture
Valacyclovir 1g bid
Define hypospadis
Define phimosis
Treatment for both?
Hypo = urethral opening on ventral side of penis with curvature and incomplete foreskin Phimo = foreskin cannot be pulled back past the glans. A balloon-like swelling under the foreskin may occur Treatment = surgery
What is balanitis?
What is paraphimosis?
Complications?
Inflammation of the glans penis
Para = Urological emergency! Retracted foreskin cannot be returned to normal position.
Complications = gangrene and amputation of the glans
What are the two layers of the testes?
What is the difference between the two?
Tunica Vaginalis - external, derived from abdominal peritoneum
Tunica Albuginea - fibrous capsule, penetrates into parenchyma of each testes
What area of prostate is affected in BPH?
What type of drug is used to treat micturition problems due to prostatic hypertrophy?
Mechanism of action?
Example
Common side effect?
Transitional zone Selective alpha-1-receptor blockers - blocks receptors leading to relaxation of smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate causing an improvement of urine flow - Tamsulosin - Orthostatic hypotension
