BAMS Flashcards
1
Q
Stroke
- Define
- 4 risk factors
- 2 types
- 3 signs/symptoms
- 2 prevention methods
- 3 management/treatment options
- 3 complications
A
- Acute focal neurological deficit due to cerebrovascular disease
- HTN, smoking, TIA, hyperlipidaemia, increased alcohol
- Haemorrhage, infarction
- Face droop (unilateral), can’t raise and hold arms, speech slurred
- Antiplatelets (aspirin), statins (reduce cholesterol), stop smoking
- Ca-channel blocker, thrombolysis/remove clot, oxygen
- Sensory/motor loss, dysphagia, dysphonia, cognitive impairment
2
Q
Epilepsy
- Define
- 2 main types of seizure (3 subtypes of each)
- Describe 2 subtypes of seizures
- Cause and management of acute febrile convulsion
- 3 causes of seizures
- 2 precipitators of seizures
- Epilepsy treatment
- Emergency seizure treatment
- 3 components of a fit history
- Definition of status epilepticus
A
- Recurrent seizures associated with reduced GABA levels in the brain
- Generalised - tonic clonic, absence, atonic, myoclonic
Focal/partial - simple partial, complex partial, simple sensory - TC - prodromal aura, initial tonic, clonic (rapid spasms), post-ictal drowsiness. 2-4mins
Absense - 5-15s. Loss of consciousness, no loss of postural reflexes. Individual unaware it has happened - Raised temperature (pyrexia). Cool down (Antipyretics, cold bath)
- CNS disease (tumour, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke), trauma (head injury), idiopathic
- Illness, fatigue, stress, infection
- Anticonvulsants/anti-epileptics
- Protect head (cushion), clear area around them, give O2 (OPA if possible). If >5mins, consider benzodiazepines (buccal midazolam), post-seizure reassurance and support
- Last 3 fits, medications and compliance with medications, when fits most likely (morning, when tired, etc.)
- A single epileptic seizure lasting more than five minutes or two/more within a five-minute period without the person returning to normal between them
3
Q
Neurology
- Definition of MS
- Main presentation of MS
- Definition of MND
A
- Progressive demyelination of axons (degeneration/loss of myelin sheath around axons) leading to reduced nerve conductivity
- Intention tremor, muscle weakness, paraesthesia, visual disturbances/optic atrophy
- Degeneration in spinal cord, affecting bulbar motor nuclei
4
Q
Osteoporosis
- Define
- 2 risk factors
- 1 increased risk of
- 2 preventions
A
- Loss of matrix, secondary loss of mineral. Reduced bone mass/increased bone loss. Osteoclastogenesis > osteoblastogenesis
- Age, sex, genes
- Increased fracture risk (weaker bones), height loss
- Increase peak bone mass, reduce bone loss, bisphosphonates
5
Q
Gout
- Define
- Cause
- 2 symptoms
- Treatment
A
- Acute monoarthropathy affecting single joint (usually great toe)
- Uric acid crystal deposition (increased uric acid levels in blood - due to diet, etc)
- Pain, inflammation, swelling, red joint
- NSAIDs, allopurinol for LT prevention
6
Q
Osteoarthritis
- Define
- 3 signs/symptoms
- 2 radiographic signs
- 2 treatments
A
- Progressive, degenerative joint disease due to cartilage repair dysfunction
- Pain, brief morning stiffness, joint swelling and deformity
- Progressive loss of PIP and DIP joint space, osteophytes lipping at joint edge
- NSAIDs, prosthesis, increase muscle bulk around joints, reduce pain
7
Q
Rheumatoid arthritis
- Define
- 2 types (and features)
- 3 signs/symptoms
- 2 treatments
- 2 dental features
A
- Autoimmune disease of synovium
- Seropositive (RF present, affects peripheral joints) and seronegative (RF absent, affects central joints)
- Thumb z-deformity, finger ulnar deviation at MCP joint, symmetrical synovitis of PIP, DIP and MCP joints, PIP joint hyperextension
- Monoclonal antibodies, methotrexate (DMDs), NSAIDs, physio, OT
- Atlanto-axial instability, Sjogren’s syndrome
8
Q
Seronegative arthritis
- What are they associated with
- 3 types
- Features of each
A
- HLA-B27
- Ankylosing spondylitis - arthritis of spinal joints. Limited back moment, neck flexion and mouth opening, intermittent lower back pain
- Reactive arthritis/Reiters disease - conjunctivitis, urethritis, arthritis
- Enteropathic arthritis - chronic inflammatory arthritis associated with IBD
9
Q
Sjogren’s syndrome
- Define
- 3 signs/symptoms
- 2 dental features
A
- Autoimmune conditions affecting moisture-producing glands
- Dry eyes, dry mouth, vaginal dryness, Raynaud’s phenomenon
- Dry mouth, increased risk of (salivary) lymphoma, increased caries risk
10
Q
Acne vulgaris
- 4 features
- pathogen associated
- 3 things that exacerbate
- 2 treatments
A
- Comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, inflammatory cysts
- P. acnes
- Greasy skin cleaners, some oral contraceptive pills, steroids, some anticonvulsants
- Topical - gentle skin cleanser, antibacterial lotion (benzoyl peroxide), antibiotics
Systemic - antibiotics (tetracyclines, retinoids)
11
Q
Eczema
- Where affected
- 2 triggers
- 3 types
- 2 treatments
A
- Flexor surfaces of skin
- Weather changes, stress, illness, menstruation
- Atopic, contact, discoid, gravitational/venous, seborrhoeic
- Topical steroids, cotton clothing, emollients, soap substitutes
12
Q
Psoriasis
- Define
- Where affected
- 2 treatments
A
- Dysregulated epidermal proliferation
- Extensor surfaces of skin
- Vitamin A derivatives, UV light
13
Q
Psychiatric disorders
- 2 main psych disorders and define
- Key psych law
A
- Neurosis/non-psychotic disorders - contact with reality maintained
Psychosis/psychotic disorders - contact with reality lost - Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
14
Q
4 signs/symptoms of depression
A
Low mood, loss of self-esteem and confidence, reduced motivation and interest, lethargy and tiredness, sleep disturbance, early morning waking
15
Q
Antidepressants
- 3 antidepressants
- 3 features of 2
A
- Tricyclics (TCAs), MAOIs, SSRIs
- SSRIs - acute anxiety, GI upset, dry mouth, weight gain
TCAs - dry mouth, weight gain, sedative
