Ballast - Site Analysis and Design Flashcards
equally spaced contour lines represent
a uniform slope
concave slopes have more densely spaced contour lines near…
the top of the slope
convex slopes have more densely spaced contour lines at…
th bottom of the slope
any site requires some modification of the land, but the changes should be kept to a minimum because…
- earth moving costs money
- excavating and building on steep slopes is more expensive than gentle slopes
- excesssive modificiaiton of the land affect drainage patterns that mut be resolved with contour changes, drainage ditches, culverts
- large changes in elevation can require retaining walls, which add costs
- removing or hauling soil is expensive
- large amounts of cutting may damage existing trees roots
is it batter to orient a building parallel or perpendicular to the direction of the contours? Why?
parallel
in order ro minimize excavation costs
in a topographic map, how are proposed and existing contour lines represented on the map?
- they are both shown on the same map
- existing lines are shown dashed and proposed lines are solid
- at the propoerty lines, the contour lines must match up with the existing contours at adacent properties or retaining walls should be built
- avoid modiciation of contour lines within the drop line of trees
solar orientation inlfuences three aspects of site planning:
1) the orientation of the building to control solar heat gain or heat loss
2) the location of outdoor spacecs and activities
3) the ocation of building entries
in the northern hemisphere, the sun is lowest and highest at what times of the year
lowest - december 21
highest - june 21
Convex Slope
closely spaced contour lines at the bottom of the slope
Valley/swale
point in the direction of the upslope – toward higher elevation
uniform slope
equally spaced contour lines
concave slope
closely spaced contour lines near the top of the slope
ridge/crown
point in the direction of the downslope – toward low elevation
since overhangs are’nt as effective at shading on east and west facades, what can be used?
vertical baffles
in hot humid climates, it is better to locate patios and outdoor spaces where?
where they would receive shade from building or trees
in temperate climates, it is better to locate patios and outdoor spaces where?
where they have the advantage of the warming effects of the sun
the USA and Canada can be divided into four general climatic regions:
1) cool
2) temperate
3) hot-humid
4) hot arid
design strategies for cool climates
- use compact forms with the smallest surface area possible to relative volume
- large south facing windows with smalle windows on the east ans west, minimal windows in the nroth
- interior materials with high thermal mass
- include summer shading for glazed area
- use dark or medium dark colors for the building exterior
design strategies for temperate climates
plan rectangular buildings with the long direction oriented generally along the east-west axis and facing slightly to the east
- provide shade in the summer, and allow the sun to fall on glazing and the building in the winter
- use south facing openings to capture winter sunlight
- plan for cooling effects of wind in the summer; block int he winter
- use medium colors for the building exterior
design strategies for hot-humid climates
- provide shade for all opening
- maximize natural ventilation with large opening, high ceilings, and cross ventilation
- construct buildings using light weight materials; minimize thermal mass
- light colors for building exterior
design strategies for hot arid climates
- use compact forms with the smallest surface area possible relative to the volume
- minimize size openings
- provide shade for openings
- maximize thermal mass use light colors for building materials
Hills:
concentric circles with elevations getting higher towards the center
Depression:
concentric circles with the elevations getting lower towards the center
Contour Interval:
it is the vertical distance between adjacent contour lines. A contour interval will vary depending on the steepness of the slope, the scale of the map, and the amount of detail required.
passive solar heating
- orient the long axis of the building in the east-west direction; southern collection surfaces face directly south or within 15 deg of true south
- passive solar heating method should be integrated with daylighting
- use deciduous trees
radiative cooling
-uses thermal mass to store heat during the day and release heat to the outside at night
ground coupling
-uses the stable coolness of the earth to cool a building, typically by using a ground-source heat pump
facade-integrated photovoltaics
-technology that allows integral PV technology in glass and roofing shingles
the two basic types of drainage are
1) aboveground: sheet flow, gutters built into roadways, parking areas ground swales as part of landscaping, and channels
2) underground: perforated drains, enclosed storm sewers
underground systems use piping with a minimum slope of
0.3%
what is the purpose of the sump in a catch basin ??
it allows debris to settle instead of allowing it to flow down the sewer
where are manholes typically located along the sewer line?
-wherever the sewer changes directions
maximum of 500 ft apart
the capacity of a drainage system is based on
- the size of the area to be drained
- the runoff coefficient (fraction of water not absorbed into the ground)
- the amount of water to be drained during the most severe storm anticipated in the design
the utlities that should be located prior to design include
-sanitary sewer lines, storm sewers, water lines, gas, electricity, steam, telephone, and cable television
our of most utlities, which utiliies takes precedence over others? Why?
sanitary sewers and storm sewers usually takes precedence because they depend on gravity flow
-the lowest elevations if the existing public sewer line should be establsihed, since the effluent must flow from the lowest point where the sewer line leaves the building to the main sewer
the minimum slope of the building sewer is
- 5% to 2.0% depending on the size of the pipe
- a greater slope is required for smaller pipes
there are three major types of site circulation
1) automobile
2) pedestriant
3) service
planning for automobile circulation includes ….
locating the entry drives to the site and providing on site roads to reach the parking areas and the building drop off point
roads should be limited to a mxaimum slope of
15% for short distances, although 10% or less is prefereable
if a road does slope more than 10%, there should be…
…trnsition slopes of one-half of the maximum slope between the road and level areas
ramps crossing sidewalks must have….
…a level area between the ramp and the sidewalk
what is the minimum slope a road must have for adequate drainage?
1/4” per foot
road curbs should be how high?
6”
when pedestrian walks are nest to parking where cars can overhang the walk, the walk should be what minimum width?
6 feet wide
pedestrian walks should slope a minimum of
1/4” perpendicular to the direction of paving for drainage
cul de sac radius
driveway entry dimensions
moving lane dimensions
true or false. service and automobile circulation should be kept separate.
true
- service trucks may use the same entry and drives as automobiles but loading area should be separate
- sufficient turning space or backing up areas should be provided to allow for truck maneuvering
the number of cars to be parked is determined by
requirements of the zoning ordinance or by the building program
the parking stall size for a standard size car is
9’-0” wide x 19’-0” long
the parking stall size for a compact cars is
7’-6” wide x 15’-0” long
what type of parking is most efficient for land use
90 degrees
if a van-accessible space is required, the parking stall for the van must be how wide?
96 inches (8 feet) wide
-must be level with accessible route
the minimum slope for drainage of parking areas is
1.5% minimum
5% maximum
-for convenience use 2% or 3 %
if trees are employed as a windbreak, what types of trees are preferred?
evergreens will remain effective in the winter
generally, planting strips with trees in parking areas and between other paved areas should be at least how wide?
7 feet
landscaping strips for grass or groundcovers between paved areas should be at least how wide?
4 feet wide
the contours of the land cannot be changed around existing trees until…
….the tree’s drip line
A=35’-50’
B = 10’-12’
C = 20’
D = 35’-50’
E = 45’
F = 12’-14’
Pair the folllowing:
parallels
medridians
longitude
latitude
-parallels run eat west and follow the latitudes of the earth
–meridians run north south and follow the longitudes of the earth
what are the primary meridians and parallels called and serve as the basus for the grid layout?
- primary meridians are called principal meridians; other merdians are called guide meridians
- primary parallels are called base lines; other parallels are called standard paralles
primary meridians and paralle are how far apart?
24 miles
the squares formed by the grid pf principal meridians and base lines are called what?
checks
-they are 24 mi x 24 mi
checks are divided into what?
townships (6 mi x 6 mi)
-16 townships in each check
townships are referred to by…
…a number referenced to a principal medidian and base line
the row of townships running east and west is referred to as…
…a township
-same term, different meaning
the row of townships running north and south are referred to as….
a range
townships are numbered sequentially beginning at…
a baseline
-those north of the baseline are north townships and those south are south townships
township 13 north, range 7 of the 6th principal meridian would be abbreviated as…
T.13N, R.7E, 6th PM
each township is divided into what?
36 sections, 1 mi x 1 mi
-these are numbered sequentially starting in the northeast section, moving west, dropping down, then moveing east, and so on
sections are commonly further divided into …
…quarter sections, 0.5 mi x 0,5 mi
quarter sections are divided into ….
4 parcels,
property line bearings for a site are referred to by
the number of degrees, minutes, and sconds the line is locaed either east or west of a north-south line
one section contains how many acres?
640 acres
one quarter sectioins contins how many acres?
40 acres
a hectare =
2.47 acres (10,000 meters square)
A = 35’ -50’
B = 10’-12’
C = 20’
D = 35’-50’
E = 45’
F =12’-14’
on freeways, intersections will be limited to — or —ft intervals.
5000 or 3000 ft intervals
succsessive interections with an arterial street be no closer than
820 ft
the curb at street corners should have a radius of —ft for minor streets, or —ft for major streets to allow easy turns.
12 ft for minor streets
50 ft for major streets
idewalks should have a minimum width of
3 ft
-sidewalks can be 2.5 ft wide if they lead directly to the entrance of a private dwelling
collector sidewalks must be at least how wide
6 ft
