Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Advanced Patient Care > Balance And Fall Risk > Flashcards

Balance And Fall Risk Flashcards

1
Q

When people fall, 20% to 30% sustain what kind of injuries?

A

moderate to severe injuries such as hip fractures or head trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do injuries caused by falls cause?

A

reduce their mobility & independence & increase their risk for premature death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is balance?

A

the ability to locate & maintain one’s center of gravity (COG) within or over one’s base of support (BOS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can a lack or dysfunction of any type or component of postural control do?

A

A lack or dysfunction of any type or component of
postural control can hinder a person’s ability to
meet particular task demands & increase the risk
of falling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are causes of balance dysfunction?

A

Muscle weakness, skeletal asymmetry or joint
dysfunction can impair balance & increase the risk
of falling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the dynamic equilibrium theory?

A

sensory & motor

systems interact to control equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some peripheral sensory impairments?

A

– Visual pathologies such as glaucoma, macular
degeneration or diplopia can increase risk of falls
& impair balance
– Problems with oculomotor functions can interfere
with orientation to the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is conjugate?

A

eyes move at the same time to follow object moving across visual field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is smooth pursuit?

A

eyes move to follow image whether head or image is moving, or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are saccades?

A

quick recovery phase to resume smooth pursuit after eyes slip off an image during head or image movement, or both; function of the VOR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is nystagmus?

A

multiple slow movements of eyes interspersed rhythmically by quick recovery phases; normal if noted at ends of ranges of eye movements and after spinning (for a few seconds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the roles of the vestibular system?

A
  • Sensing & perceiving self-motion
  • Orienting to vertical
  • Controlling the center of mass
  • Stabilizing the head
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do central components of the vestibular system do?

A

receive information from the peripheral
components & send information to the reticular
formation, which facilitates arousal & motor
responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the vestibular system do?

A

• Orient the head & body to vertical
• Activate antigravity muscles & automatic postural
responses to control the stability of the head & the
body’s center of mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can disease or trauma do to sensory?

A

impair peripheral sensory

receptor & sensory nerve function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are central sensory impairments?

A

CNS disease, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis,
cerebral palsy or brain tumors, as well as trauma,
can adversely affect central sensory processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is the CNS needed?

A

because
information from a single system does not
distinguish specific movements & positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When is central processing important?

A

when there are
sensory conflicts within or between sensory
systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When can sensory conflict be triggered?

A

by walking on
stairs, escalators, uneven ground, dimly lit, or
overly bright areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does ankle strategy do?

A

Ankle strategy to prevent falls primarily controls

body sway during stance

21
Q

What does hip strategy do?

A

Hip strategy to prevent falls is used when COG

shifts quickly/unexpectedly over BOS

22
Q

What does stepping strategy do?

A

Stepping strategy initiates establishment of a new
BOS when the boundaries of stability are
exceeded or even approached

23
Q

What does the peripheral motor system do?

A

executes all of the

movements required for postural control

24
Q

What are central motor impairments?

A

– Disorders that affect areas of the CNS that control
motor output can cause difficulties with motor
control
– Static, anticipatory, adaptive, & reactive postural
control & balance are affected

25
Q

What are cognitive impairments?

A

Individuals who have had a stroke, head injury,
multifocal cerebral infarcts, tumors, or dementia
may have significant changes in cognition that can
increase their risk of falling

26
Q

What is the impact of poor balance and limited postural control on gait?

A

Many older adults use hip strategies rather than
ankle strategies & walk more slowly to improve
accuracy during gait

27
Q

What are some neurological disorders that affect balance?

A

Parkinson’s disease, cerebellar degeneration, stroke or head trauma, multiple sclerosis, and multisensory disequilibrium

28
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

Parkinson’s disease characterized by tremors,
rigidity, flexed or forward posture, slowing of
movements, or bradykinesia

29
Q

What is cerebellar degeneration?

A

Cerebellar degeneration lead to ataxia &
dysmetria decrease the effectiveness of balance
strategies & impair oculomotor control

30
Q

What does stroke or head trauma affect?

A

Stroke or head trauma leads to falls & loss of
balance due to paresis, sensory loss, visual field
defects, or impaired spatial perception

31
Q

What does multiple sclerosis affect?

A

Multiple sclerosis affects balance by impairing
function in multiple locations of the brain & spinal
cord

32
Q

What is multisensory disequilibrium?

A

Multisensory disequilibrium refers to combined
dysfunction of the vestibular, visual, &
somatosensory systems

33
Q

What kind of history would the PT ask for?

A

– Fall history: including number, time &
circumstances of any falls
– Type & overall number of medications
– A number of targeted standardized self-report
questionnaires concerning balance & fall history
– Complaints of imbalance, dizziness, vertigo,
oscillopsia, nausea &/or vomiting, diminished
strength, sensation changes, hearing loss, tinnitus,
or vision changes

34
Q

What kind of musculoskeletal tests and measures would be done for balance?

A
  • Standing posture
  • Joint range of motion
  • Muscle strength
35
Q

What kind of neuromuscular tests and measures would be done for balance?

A
  • Arousal & cognition
  • Cranial nerve function, particularly as it relates to the vestibular nerve (Hallpike-Dix & head thrust tests)
  • Cerebellar screening & equilibrium testing
  • Specific tests of sensory integration or sensory organization
  • Peripheral nerve integrity
  • Motor function - control & learning
36
Q

What are some flexibility exercises?

A

Increase ROM in patients with limited ROM &

consequent poor balance

37
Q

What kind of strength training would be done?

A

Usually focus on the lower extremities,

particularly the ankle & hip muscles

38
Q

What kind of sensory training or retraining would be done?

A

Intended to optimize the function of the visual, vestibular, & proprioceptive sensory systems to enhance delivery of information to the CNS where it can be integrated & processed, & then used to
control balance

39
Q

What kind of perceptual training would be done?

A

Focuses on integrating all sensory information relevant to certain environmental conditions, particularly vertical orientation relative to gravity & surface orientation relative to the BOS

40
Q

What kind of postural awareness training would be done?

A

Includes COG training & postural strategy training, which focus on attaining & regaining an upright posture

41
Q

What kind of task-specific locomotion training would be done?

A

Balance during gait can be made more challenging by increasing its speed, number of stops & starts, variation of surfaces, & closing the eyes

42
Q

What is vestibular rehabilitation?

A

Widely used in the management of patients with disequilibrium, dizziness, a history of loss of balance or falls, & gait instability caused by peripheral or central vestibular dysfunction

43
Q

What is the progression of gaze stabilization exercises?

A

– Start with a simple target, patient moves head in direction that is easiest to focus
– Using two targets patient focuses on one with eyes & head aligned then moves eyes to other without moving head
– Habituation exercises involve repeated exposure to a symptom-causing stimulus or movement to reduce the pathological response to that movement

44
Q

What would be included in multidimensional or multifactorial training?

A

– Normally include gait training, strengthening programs, balance training, training in appropriate assistive device use, review of health management
– Normally include environmental assessment or modification, including a home safety evaluation & patient &/or caregiver education regarding fall risk

45
Q

What would the PTA teach the patient about safety?

A

– Teach patients to stop, hold onto a stable surface, & refocus if they feel dizzy or unbalanced
– When turning, they should move their eyes first, focus, & then turn their head & body to help minimize dizziness

46
Q

What are the most important considerations when making home modifications?

A

Most important considerations in making home modifications to reduce falls are modifications of surfaces, lighting, obstacles, & activity in the home

47
Q

What are some ongoing assessment tools?

A 
– Tinetti's Performance - Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA)
– The Dynamic Gait Index (DGI)
– The Timed Up & Go (TUG) test
– The Berg Balance Scale (BBS)
– The Functional Reach Test (FRT)
– The Physical Performance Test (PPT)
48
Q

what is convergence?

A

eyes move toward each other to follow object approaching face head-on

Advanced Patient Care (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions