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Additional Resources for AIT Prep > Baking and Pastry - Mastering the Art and Craft > Flashcards

Baking and Pastry - Mastering the Art and Craft Flashcards

1
Q

What are whole grains?

A

Grains that have not been milled.

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2
Q

Define Green Flour.

A

Freshly milled flour that is not suitable for the bakeshop. It has immature proteins that tend to absorb more water and are not elastic.

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3
Q

What colour does freshly milled flour appear to be?

A

Yellow

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4
Q

What chemicals are sometimes used to replicate the aging and bleaching process in flour?

A

~ Benzoyl Peroxide

~ Chlorine Dioxide

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5
Q

What is meant by a label on flour that reads “bleached flour”?

A

This label means that the flour has been chemically aged and bleached.

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6
Q

What are 3 treatments that might be done to flour?

A
  1. Aging and Bleaching
  2. Oxidizing
  3. Enrichment
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7
Q

What compound is used to oxidize flour? What does it do?

A

~ Potassium Bromate

~ When potassium bromate is present in flour, product volume increases by 10-15%

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8
Q

True or False - Enriching flour impacts the baking performance of the flour.

A

False

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9
Q

What nutrients are added in the flour enrichment process?

A 
~ Thiamine
~ Niacin
~ Riboflavin
~ Iron
~ Folic Acid
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10
Q

List 5 types of flour.

A 
~ All-Purpose Flour
~ Bread Flour
~ Cake Flour
~ Clear Flour
~ Durum Flour
~ High-Gluten Flour
~ Pastry Flour
~ Semolina
~ Whole Wheat Flour
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11
Q

What is All-Purpose Flour?

A

A combination of hard and soft wheat flour milled from the endosperm of the wheat kernel.

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12
Q

What is the protein content in All-Purpose Flour?

A

8-12%

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13
Q

What is Bread Flour?

A

A patent flour, made of hard wheat flour made from the endosperm.

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14
Q

What is the protein content of Bread Flour?

A

11-13%

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15
Q

What is Cake Flour?

A

Soft wheat flour used for cakes and cookies.

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16
Q

What is the protein content of Cake Flour?

A

6-9%

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17
Q

What is Clear Flour?

A

A hard wheat flour made from the endosperm has a darker colour than bread or high-gluten flour. Clear flour is typically used in rye bread.

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18
Q

What is the protein content of Clear Flour?

A

13-15%

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19
Q

What is Durum Flour?

A

Flour milled from the endosperm of the durum wheat kernel. It is a hard flour used in bread making.

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20
Q

What is the protein content of Durum Flour?

A

12-14%

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21
Q

What is High-Gluten Flour?

A

Flour milled from the entire endosperm. It is used in bagels and hard rolls.

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22
Q

What is the protein content of High-Gluten Flour?

A

13-14%

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23
Q

What is Pastry Flour used for?

A

Pastry Flour is often used for pie crust dough, muffins, and some biscuits, as well as pastries.

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24
Q

What is the protein content of Pastry Flour?

A

8-10%

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25
Q

What is Semolina?

A

A more coarsely ground durum wheat flour, typically used for making pasta.

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26
Q

What is Whole Wheat Flour?

A

A hard wheat flour milled from the entire wheat kernel, including the bran and germ.

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27
Q

Why does Whole Wheat Flour turn rancid rapidly?

A

Due to the high-fat content of the germ.

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28
Q

What is the protein content of Whole Wheat Flour?

A

14-16%

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29
Q

What is Cracked Wheat?

A

A coarsely cracked or cut wheat kernel, that includes the bran and germ. It lends texture and flavour to breads.

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30
Q

What is Vital Wheat Gluten?

A

The insoluble gluten protein extracted from flour during the milling process, which has been dried and ground into a powder.

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31
Q

What is Vital Wheat Gluten used for?

A

It is used to fortify dough.

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32
Q

List the 4 types of Rye Flour.

A
  1. White Rye Flour
  2. Medium Rye Flour
  3. Dark Rye Flour
  4. Pumpernickel
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33
Q

What is the protein content of White Rye Flour?

A

8-10%

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34
Q

What is the protein content of Medium Rye Flour?

35
Q

What is the protein content of Dark Rye Flour?

36
Q

What portion of the endosperm is Dark Rye Flour milled from?

A

The outer portion of the endosperm.

37
Q

What is Pumpernickel?

A

Pumpernickel, also known as Rye Meal, is a coarse grind made from the entire rye kernel.

38
Q

List 5 other grains and cereals.

A 
~ Oats
~ Oat Flour
~ Steel-Cut Oats
~ Rolled Oats
~ Instant Oats
~ Buckwheat
~ Spelt
~ Millet
~ Cornmeal
~ Rice
~ Rice Flour
39
Q

True or False - Oat Flour is gluten-free.

40
Q

Explain the difference between steel-cut oats, rolled oats, and instant oats.

A

Steel-Cut Oats - are milled by cracking oat groats into smaller pieces.
Rolled Oats - are made by steaming and flattening oat groats.
Instant Oats - are cracked oat groats that are precooked, dried, and rolled.

41
Q

Describe Buckwheat.

A

Buckwheat is a cereal grain that has a distinctive, nutty, whole-grain flavour and a relatively high fat content. It may be roasted or unroasted.

42
Q

What is Roasted Buckwheat sold as?

43
Q

True or False - Buckwheat is not a type of wheat.

44
Q

What is Spelt?

A

Spelt is a cereal grain that contains less gluten and more protein than wheat.

45
Q

What is Millet?

A

A gluten-free seed with a mild flavour.

46
Q

How is Cornmeal made?

A

By grinding dried corn kernels.

47
Q

What is the difference between white and brown rice?

A

White rice has had all the bran removed, whereas brown rice has only some of the bran removed.

48
Q

List 10 varieties of sugar, syrups, and other sweeteners.

A 
~ Granulated Sugar
~ Superfine Sugar
~ Sanding Sugar
~ Pearl or Decorating Sugar
~ Brown Sugar
~ Turbinado Sugar
~ Confectioners' Sugar
~ Isomalt
~ Corn Syrup
~ Glucose Syrup
~ Molasses
~ Malt Syrup
~ Golden Syrup
~ Honey
~ Maple Syrup
~ Inverted Syrup
49
Q

What is Granulated Sugar?

A

Pure refined sucrose made from sugar cane or sugar beets. It has small, evenly sized crystals.

50
Q

What is Superfine Sugar?

A

Sucrose in very small crystals that dissolve quickly.

51
Q

What is Sanding Sugar?

A

Sugar that has large crystals and is used primarily for decoration.

52
Q

What is Pearl/Decorating Sugar?

A

Sugar with large pearl-shaped crystals used for decoration.

53
Q

What is Brown Sugar?

A

Granulated Sugar with added molasses.

54
Q

What is Turbinado Sugar?

A

A coarse-grained partially refined sugar with a light brown colour and a very mild molasses shape.

55
Q

What is Confectioners’ Sugar?

A

Ground granulated sugar with up to 3% cornstarch added to keep it from caking.

56
Q

Which is finer, 6X or 10X confectioners’ sugar?

57
Q

What is Isomalt?

A

A crystalline “sugar-free” sweetener made from sucrose.

58
Q

What is Corn Syrup produced from?

A

Cornstarch

59
Q

What is the glucose content of Corn Syrup?

60
Q

True or False - Corn Syrup resists crystallization.

61
Q

What is the Dextrose Equivalent of Glucose Syrup?

62
Q

What is Malt Syrup made from?

A

Barley and Corn

63
Q

What is Golden Syrup?

A

Is processed from sugarcane juice.

64
Q

List 4 types of gelling agents.

A

~ Gelatin
~ Pectin
~ Agar-Agar
~ Starches

65
Q

What is agar-agar derived from?

A

Sea Vegetables

66
Q

True or False - Gelatin has stronger gelling properties than agar-agar.

67
Q

List 5 thickening starches.

A 
~ Arrowroot
~ Potato Starch
~ Cornstarch
~ Tapioca
~ Flour
68
Q

What is a modified starch?

A

Starch that have been modified through a process involving acid and hydrolysis. Starches produced in this manner are better for frozen items that will be thawed as they resist separation.

69
Q

How much milk fat must be in heavy/whipping cream?

A

At least 35%

70
Q

What is the milk fat percentage of light cream?

A

Between 16-32%

71
Q

What is the milk fat percentage of half-and-half cream?

72
Q

List 4 examples of fermented and cultured milk products.

A

~ Buttermilk
~ Yogurt
~ Sour Cream
~ Creme Fraiche

73
Q

How is Creme Fraiche made?

A

By adding an acid to cream that has 30% milk fat.

74
Q

What is the minimum percentage of milk fat that butter must contain?

75
Q

List 8 Apple Varieties

A 
~ Red Delicious 
~ Golden Delicious 
~ Granny Smith
~ McIntosh
~ Rome Beauty
~ Winesap
~ Fuji
~ Gala
76
Q

List 6 Pear Varieties

A 
~ Bartlett
~ Bosc
~ Comice
~ d’Anjou
~ Seckel
~ Asian
77
Q

List 10 types of berries

A 
~ Blackberries 
~ Blueberries 
~ Boysenberries 
~ Cranberries 
~ Currants
~ Elderberries
~ Gooseberries 
~ Grapes
~ Raspberries 
~ Strawberries
78
Q

List 6 citrus fruits

A 
~ Grapefruit
~ Kumquats
~ Lemons
~ Meyer Lemons
~ Oranges 
~ Limes
79
Q

What 4 types do oranges come in?

A

~ Juice
~ Eating
~ Bitter
~ Mandarin

80
Q

What is a Meyer Lemon?

A

Meyer Lemons are not true lemons but rather a hybrid that is imported from China. They are a cross between a lemon and an orange. Their flesh is a light orange-yellow colour and the juice is sweeter than a regular lemon.

81
Q

What are the 4 major types of melons?

A

~ Cantaloupe
~ Muskmelons
~ Watermelon
~ Winter Melons

82
Q

What melons are classified as winter melons?

A

~ Honeydew
~ Casaba
~ Crenshaw
They are characterized by their late harvest.

83
Q

List 5 stone fruits

A 
~ Peaches
~ Nectarines 
~ Apricots
~ Plums
~ Cherries
84
Q

List 14 Exotic Fruits

A 
~ Bananas
~ Coconuts 
~ Figs
~ Guavas
~ Kiwis
~ Lychees
~ Mangoes
~ Papayas 
~ Passion Fruits
~ Persimmons
~ Pineapples 
~ Plantains
~ Pomegranates 
~ Star Fruits

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