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SP14 - Micro Immuno 1 > Bailey > Flashcards

Bailey Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of immune responses?

A

Innate

Adaptive

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2
Q

Which cells are considered part of the innate immune system?

A 
Myeloid (granulocyte precursor) cells:
Monocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Dendritic cells
NK Cells
[Epithelial barriers]
[Complement system]
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3
Q

Which cells are considered part of the adaptive immune system?

A

Lymphoid cells:
T cells
B cells

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4
Q

Important receptors for antigen recognition and clearance

A

TLRs

N-formyl-methionyl, mannose and scavenger receptors

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5
Q

Two types of Ag specific receptors

A

B cell Receptor (Ig) - Recognizes soluble, intact macromolecules and small chemicals
T cell receptor (TCR) - Only recognize processed Ag fragments presented by MHC on the surface of APCs

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6
Q

Recognize IgE -> degranulate -> release antimicrobial chemicals
Involved in inflammatory and allergic responses (particularly in skin & airway)

A

Eosinophils

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7
Q

Phagocytes (kill bacteria)
Can produce cytokines
Not APCs
Can contribute to tissue damage during inflammation

A

Neutrophils

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8
Q

Capable of extracellular killing of infected or altered self targeting cells (phagocytic)
Produce cytokines that contribute to tissue repair
Act as APCs

A

Macrophages

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9
Q

Main function is antigen processing & presentation to T-cells
Critical cell in initiating adaptive immune response

A

Dendritic cells

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10
Q

Nonspecifically kill virus infected & tumor cells

Important in nonspecific immunity to viral infections and tumor surveillance

A

NK (natural killer) and LAK (lymphokine activated killer) cells

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11
Q

Eosinophils

A

Recognize IgE -> degranulate -> release antimicrobial chemicals
Involved in inflammatory and allergic responses (particularly in skin & airway)

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12
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytes (kill bacteria)
Can produce cytokines
Not APCs
Can contribute to tissue damage during inflammation

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13
Q

Macrophages

A

Capable of extracellular killing of infected or altered self targeting cells (phagocytic)
Produce cytokines that contribute to tissue repair
Act as APCs

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14
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Main function is antigen processing & presentation to T-cells
Critical cell in initiating adaptive immune response

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15
Q

NK and LAK (lymphokine activated killer) cells

A

Nonspecifically kill virus infected & tumor cells

Important in nonspecific immunity to viral infections and tumor surveillance

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16
Q

What are the physical barriers to the body?

A

Skin; mucosal linings

doesn’t let pathogens easily enter body

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17
Q

What are the chemical barriers to the body?

A

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) [Ex: lysozymes, defensins, lactoferrin, cathelicidins]

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18
Q

What charge do antimicrobial compounds tend to have? Pathogenic microbes?

A

Cationic (positive)

Anionic (negative)

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19
Q

Lysozyme

A

Cleaves linkages between peptidoglycan

Primarily active against gram + bacteria

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20
Q

Cathelicidin

A

Disrupts bacterial membranes of bacterial & fungal pathogens

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21
Q

Defensins

A

Create pores in microbes (all microbes can be affected)

Similar to complement cascade membrane attack complex

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22
Q

Lactoferrin

A

Sequesters iron that pathogen bacteria need for growth & production of virulence factors
Active against many bacterial pathogens

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23
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

Unique structures on microbes which often involve repeated motifs/structures

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24
Q

PRRs

A

Pattern recognition receptors

Used by the Innate immune cells to recognize PAMPs

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25
Q

TLRs

A

A type of transmembrane PRR on the surface innate immune cells
Recognize PAMPs
Induce expression of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, cytokines

26
Q

What are the biological barriers of the body?

A

Microbes that naturally inhabit the body

Serve as a barrier against pathogenic bacteria

27
Q

Which cells are considered phagocytes?

A

Monocytes/macrophages
Dendritic cells
Neutrophils

28
Q

Which cells are considered APCs?

A

Macrophages

Dendritic cells

29
Q

Which cells are considered granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells

30
Q

Which cells are considered lymphocytes?

A

B cells
T cells
NK cells

31
Q

Which cells are considered leukocytes?

A 
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
32
Q

What is an antigen? What types of antigens are there?

A

Any substance that can be specifically bound to an adaptive immune cell

Immunogen
Tolerogen
Allergen

33
Q

Immunogen

A

Elicits an immune response

34
Q

Tolerogen

A

Induces immunological tolerance or immune non-responsiveness

35
Q

Allergen

A

Causes an immediate hypersensitivity

36
Q

Where are TLRs located

A

Intracellularly (in walls of endosomes) or extracellularly (in the plasma membrane)
(transmembrane proteins)

37
Q

Why are TLRs intracellular?

A

To recognize viruses

38
Q

Where does the immune response happen?

A

Innate cells encounter infection at site in periphery
APCs migrate to lymph nodes
B & T cells also migrate to LNs to become activated and go thru clonal expansion & differentiation
Effector T cells and antibodies then enter the circulation and head toward tissue to eliminate Ag
Memory lymphocytes take up residence in tissues & secondary lymphoid organs in preparation for next infection

39
Q

Which cells are likely to encounter pathogens in periphery?

A

Innate immune cells

40
Q

Where are the cells of the adaptive immune system activated?

A

Lymph nodes

41
Q

Where do the cells of the immune system clonally expand?

A

Lymph nodes

42
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Proteins secreted by cells that mediate functions of immune system
Mode of communication

43
Q

Which cells produce cytokines?

A

Innate & adaptive immune system cells
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Endo/epithelium

44
Q

What is a chemokine?

A

Chemotactic cytokines (regulate migration of cells)

45
Q

What are the 6 general properties of cytokines?

A
  • Secretion is brief & self-limited
  • Action is pleiotropic & redundant
  • Influence each other
  • Can act locally & systemically
  • Initiate their actions by binding to membrane-bound receptors
  • Receptor ligation leads to gene expression which alters cellular function
46
Q

Which cytokines have a more predominant activity in the innate immune system?

A

IL-12
TFN
IL-1
Chemokines

47
Q

Which cytokine is important in both innate and adaptive immunity?

A

IFN-gamma

48
Q

Which cytokines have a more predominant activity in the adaptive immune system?

A

IL-2

IL-4

49
Q

Which cytokines are considered pro-inflammatory?

A 
TFN-alpha
IL-1 alpha & beta
IL-6
IL-12
IFN
50
Q

Which cytokines are considered anti-inflammatory?

A

IL-10

TGF-beta

51
Q

Which cells make TNF-alpha?

A 
Monocytes
Macrophages
NK cells
Dendritic cells
T cells (primary source)
52
Q

Which cells make IL-1?

A

Monocytes/macrophages
Dendritic cells
Neutrophils

53
Q

Which cells make IL-6?

A

Macrophages

T cells

54
Q

Which cells respond to TNF-alpha?

A 
Stimulate recruitment to site of infection:
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
Activate T cells
Acute inflammatory response to Gram -
55
Q

Which cells respond to IL-1?

A

Activate immune cells (like TNF-alpha)
-Inc expression of selectins/integrins on endothelial cells
No systemic effects

56
Q

Which cells respond to IL-6?

A

Induction of inflammatory response (similar effects as IL-1)

Primarily: induction of acute phase response

57
Q

Which cytokine is a major contributor to septic shock?

A

TNF-alpha

58
Q

What induces the feeling of being sick?

A

IL-1 & IL-6

59
Q

Which cytokines induces the formation of Th1 cells?

A

IL-2

60
Q

Which cytokine is typically increased during a Th1 response?

A

IFN-gamma

SP14 - Micro Immuno 1 (1 decks)

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