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Advanced Microbiology > Bacteriophage > Flashcards

Bacteriophage Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a Bacteriophage?

A

Virus that infects bacteria

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2
Q

Most Bacteriophages have?

A

dsDNA

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3
Q

Bacteriophages can have RNA as a ___?

A

genome

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4
Q

A virulent phage has how many reproductive options?

A

One

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5
Q

What is the one wat a virulent phage can reproduce?

A

Lytic Cycle

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6
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

Phage multiplies immediately upon cell entry. Lysis the bacterial host cell.

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7
Q

Temperate Phages have how many reproductive options?

A

Two

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8
Q

What are the two cycles that temperate phages utilize?

A

Lytic and lysogenic

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9
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Phage integrates into host cell’s chromosome.

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10
Q

What is lysogeny?

A

The relationship between a prophage and lysogenic bacteria

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11
Q

When phage DNA integrates into bacterial host cells chromosome, what is its name?

A

Prophage

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12
Q

Can a temperate phage change the phenotype of its host?

A

yes

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13
Q

Temperate phage change to bacterial host cell surface achieves what? (Example provided in notes)

A

Bacteria become immune to superinfection

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14
Q

Temperate phage change to make bacterial host cell a pathogen? (E.g. in ppt)

A

Phage may express pathogenic toxin/enzyme; cholera, diptheria

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15
Q

What are two advantage of lysogeny for a virus?

A

Phage remains viable even if it does not replicate. Multiplicity of of infection ensures survival of host cell.

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16
Q

What is the process called ‘induction’?

A

when conditions in the cell cause prophage to initiate synthesis of new phage particles

17
Q

What type of Bacteriophage is bacteriophage T4?

A

A virulent bacteriophage

18
Q

Phage life cycle culminates w/host cell bursting, releasing virions. What are the steps?

A

Absorption to receptor on outer membrane
Tail sheath lysozyme/central tube pierce the cell wall
Viral nucleic acid is injected into host cell through tube

19
Q

Phage Adsorption: attachment of phage onto host. Steps?

A

Tail fibers recognize receptor protein on cell surface
Baseplate settles down on surface
Shape change of baseplate tail to (24 to 12 rings)

20
Q

Phage DNA Entry Steps:

A

Central tube is pushed through cell wall
Baseplate contain lysozyme
Linear DNA is extruded from the head into host

21
Q

Bacteriophage T4 Life Cycle: Transcription -> early mRNA. What does this result in?

A

Production of viral encoded DNA-dependent DNA polymerase

22
Q

Bacterial T4 Life Cycle: Transcription -> late mRNA.

A

Translation of capsid and lysis proteins

23
Q

Temporal transcription regulated by:

A

Alternative E. Coli polymerase factors induced by virus
Early viral gene product stimulate transcription of some late viral genes
Genes w/related functions are usually separated and clustered together

24
Q

Early gene transcribed…

A

Counterclockwise

25
Q

Late gene transcribed…

A

Clockwise

26
Q

The T4 Genome/DNA: A large portion of the genome codes for replication-related products including…

A

Protein subunits of its replisome
Enzymes needed for DNA synthesis (synthesis of HMC)

27
Q

What is hydroxymethylcytosine (HMC)?

A

A modified nucleotide replacing cytosine in T4 DNA

28
Q

HMC is chemically modified by glucosylation

A

Protects T4 phage DNA from E. Coli restriction enzymes. Enzymes that cleave DNA at specific sequences.
Restriction is a bacterial defense mechanism used against bacteriophage infection

29
Q

Why is T4 DNA terminally redundant?

A

Base sequence repeated at both ends.
Allows for formation of concatamers.

30
Q

What are concatamers?

A

Long strands of DNA consisting of several units linked together

31
Q

Concatamers allow for the cleaving of genome for…

A

Viral progeny packaging

32
Q

Complex self-assembly process involves viral proteins and host cell factors for …

A

Capsid assembly

33
Q

Assembly/Release of T4 Phage Particles: what is the set of proteins that package DNA?

A

Packasome moves DNA into phage head
Terminase complex generates double stranded ends. (Cuts concatemer and pushes DNA into head)

34
Q

Release of T4 Phage Particles: Assembly is followed by release in T4 E. Coli system, ~150 viral particles are released. What two proteins are involved in this process?

A

T4 lysozyme and Holin

35
Q

What does the T4 lysozyme do?

A

Attacks cell wall

36
Q

What does holin do?

A

creates holes in plasma membrane

37
Q

What type of Bacteriophage is a bacteriophage Lambda?

A

Temperature bacteriophage

Advanced Microbiology (1 decks)

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