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Immunology Pt. 2 > Bacteriology Part 1 > Flashcards

Bacteriology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Advantages of bacteria replication

A
  • Allows selection and adaptation to environmental changes

- Difficult for host to control bacterial growth rely upon vaccines and antibiotics

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2
Q

Most species of bacteria utilize ______ for growth

A

Carbohydrates (glucose)

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3
Q

Some bacteria use _______ or _________ for growth so they don’t have to compete with other bacteria for glucose

A 
Amino acids (clostridia)
Fatty acids (leptospira)
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4
Q

Most bacteria range in size from ___ to ___ µm

Filter sterilization is ≤ ___ µm

A
  1. 4 - 2.0µm

0. 45µm

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5
Q

Cell wall defines shape; What is the nomenclature for different bacteria with spherical structure?

A 
Single cells
Pairs - Diplococci
Chains - Streptococci
Tetrads - Micrococci
Grapelike structures - Stapylcocci
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6
Q

What nomenclature is used to describe rod and spiral bacterial structure

A

Rods = bacilli; coccobacilli = long rods

Spirals (comma shaped) = Vibrio; 4-20 coils = Spirochetes

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7
Q

What does penicillin do?

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

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8
Q

What does gram-negative bacteria have that gram-positive bacteria does not have (5)

A

1) Thin peptidoglycan layer
2) Outer membrane
3) Pili
4) Porin proteins
5) Periplasmic space

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9
Q

What are the four steps for classification of bacteria (positive vs. negative gram stain)

A

Step 1: Crystal violet
Step 2: Gram’s iodine
Step 3: Decolorizer (alcohol or acetone) - extracts crystal violet from gram negative only
Step 4: Safranin Red - stains gram negative

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10
Q

Cell Envelope

A
  • Cellular material located external to the cell membrane (unique to bacteria and target of many antibiotics)
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11
Q

Difference between Peptidoglycan for Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria

A

Gram Positive: Thick peptidoglycan - permeable barrier

Gram Negative: Thin peptidoglycan - Crosslinked to the outer membrane (Outer membrane = permeable barrier)

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12
Q

Basic subunit of the peptidoglycan includes:

A

Disaccharide linked to a D/L pentapeptide

  • NH2 group for cross linking
  • D-Alanine to D-Alanine bond which is broken and used for cross linking
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13
Q

Cross-linking differences between gram negative and gram positive bacteria

A

Gram Negative: Little crosslinking

Gram positive: Highly crosslinking between polysaccharides - rigid structure

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14
Q

Teichoic Acid (Gram positive - Cell envelope)

A 
Polysaccharide that is crosslinked to cytoplasmic membrane and peptidoglycan (membrane stability)
TLR signaling (Innate immunity)
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15
Q

Gram Negative (Cell Envelope)

  • Outer Membrane
  • Periplasmic Space
  • Inner membrane
A

Outer membrane: Permeability barrier
- Lipopolysaccharide
- Porins (Molecular sieve 600 Dalton cutoff)
Periplasmic Space: Peptidoglycan - thin; not an effective barrier
Inner Membrane: Proteins embedded in phospholipid membrane

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16
Q

Function of outer membrane

A

Cell growth stimulates innate immunity

17
Q

Important things to know about lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

Unique to Gram-negative bacteria

  • O-antigen is variable
  • Lipid A - fever inducing - also known as endotoxin
  • PAMP recognized by TLRs
18
Q

Which cells of innate immunity recognize PAMPs

A

Macrophages and Neutrophils

19
Q

PAMP for gram negative bacteria vs Gram positive bacteria

A

Gram neg. - LPS

Gram pos. - Lipoteichoic Acid

20
Q

Pili and Fimbriae

A

Pili and Fimbriae: polymers of proteins
Function: Adherence to eukaryotic cells and between bacteria
Fimbriae are components of some vaccines

21
Q

Flagella (And there appearance in Pseudomonads and Enteric bacteria)

A

Flagella: polymers of proteins
Function: Motility (non-motile bacteria are often nonvirulent)
Pseudomonads - have a single polar flagellum
Enteric bacteria - have flagella distributed over the entire cell surface

22
Q

What is the basis of the evolution of virulence factors

A

Evolved by gene duplication of flagellum

Flagellum retains motility function, while the duplicated genes evolve new functions

23
Q

Virulence Factors
Type II:
Type III:
Type IV:

A

Type II: Secrete protein across the inner membrane
Type III: Deliver toxins directly into host cells
Type IV: Deliver DNA into host cells

24
Q

Capsule

A

Capsule: Polymer of polysaccharide or protein
Function: Prevent host cell phagocytosis
- Many capsules are developed to produce vaccines

25
Q

Haemophilus

Reservoir and Characteristics?

A

Humans are the only known reservoir; effective immunization controls diseases

  • Unique growth properties
  • Haemophilus influenzae type B
  • Capsule and neutralizing antibodies
  • Conjugate vaccines
26
Q

Hib (Haemophilus influenza type B) pathogenisis

A

Hib is transmitted among humans via the respiratory tract from clinically active case, convalescent patients, or carriers

27
Q

Explain Hib primary infections

A

Colonization of nasopharynx
Occasional invasion of sinuses, middle ear, bronchi
- Life threatening infections due to invasion of blood stream/meninges

28
Q

Hib virulence is associated with the expression of:

A

Type b polysaccharide capsule

29
Q

The _____ and the _____ can become inflamed during bacterial meningitis

A

Pia mater; arachnoid

30
Q

6 types of Hib and associated sugars

A 
A - Glucose
B - Ribose and ribitol**
C - Galactose
D - Hexose
E - Hexosamine
F - Galactosamine
31
Q

Hib meningitis is most prevalent in what population?

A

The very young (< 1 yr)

32
Q

Describe immunity to Hib

A
  • Good relationship between age and susceptibility
  • In children less than 3 mo, maternal Ab is protective
  • Most invasive disease occurs between 3 mo and 3 yrs
  • Children < 3 yrs show humoral immunodeficiency to Hib
  • Children > 3 yrs develop Ig to Hib
33
Q

1st generation Hib vaccine

Effectiveness and problems

A 
Purified capsular polysaccharide of Hib
90% effective in children > 24 mo; ineffective < 18 mo
Problems:
- Poor immunogens
- Stimulate T-independent Ab
- Poor immunologic memory
34
Q

2nd generation Hib vaccine
Vaccine:
Protein carrier:

A

PRP (Polysaccharide) protein conjugates
Vaccine: PRP-D
Protein Carrier: Diptheria toxoid

Immunology Pt. 2 (11 decks)

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