Bacteriology & Infection Control

Question 0

Three classifications of bacteria:

Answer 0

Cocci: round shaped bacteria that appear singly or alone.

Staphylococci: pus forming bacteria that grows in clusters causes abscesses, pustules, and boils.

Streptococci: pus forming bacteria arranged in curved lines. Causing infections such as strep throat and blood poisoning.

Diplococci : spherical bacteria that grow in pairs and cause diseases such as pneumonia.

Bacilli: short rod-shaped bacteria. Produces diseases such as tetanus, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and diphtheria.

Spirilla: spiral or corkscrew shaped bacteria. Subdivided into sub groups causing Syphilis and Lyme’s disease.

Question 1

Definition of disease?

Answer 1

An abnormal condition of all or part of the body, or its systems or organs, that makes the body incapable of carrying on normal function.

Question 2

Indirect transmission

Answer 2

Transmission of blood or body fluids through contact with an intermediate contaminated object such as a razor, extractor, nipper, or an environmental surface.

Question 3

Direct transmission

Answer 3

Transmission of blood or body fluids through touching, kissing, coughing, sneezing, and talking.

Question 4

Stages of bacterial growth

Answer 4

Active stage: stage when bacteria grow and reproduce.

*When conditions are favorable, bacteria grow and reproduce. When largest size, they divide into two new cells called binary fission.

Inactive or spore-forming stage:
Bacteria that is able to withstand long periods of famine, dryness, and unsuitable temperatures. Certain bacteria, such as the anthrax and tetanus bacilli coat themselves with wax-like outer shells.

Question 5

Virus

Answer 5

A parasitic submicroscopic particle that infects and resides in the cells of a biological organism capable of replication only through taking over the gist cells reproductive function. Microscopic caused common colds and respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. Viruses includes, measles, mumps, chickenpox, small pox, rabies, influenza, and HIV.

Question 6

Fungus

Answer 6

Microscopic plant parasites that include molds, mildews, and yeasts. They can produce contagious diseases such as ring worm.

Question 7

Parasites

Answer 7

Organisms that grow, feed, and shelter on or in another organism, while contributing nothing to the survival of that organism. Must have a host to survive and can live on or inside of humans and animals.

Question 8

Immunity

Answer 8

The ability of the body to destroy and resist infection. Immunity against disease can be either natural or acquired.

Question 9

Four ways a body fights infection?

Answer 9

1. Healthy unbroken skin - the body’s first line of defense
2. Body secretions, perspiration, and digestive juices.
3. White blood cells that destroy bacteria.
4. Antitoxins that counteract the toxins.

Question 10

Benefits of steam?

Answer 10

• Helps stimulate circulation
• softening sebum and other debris
• beneficial for sinuses and congestion
• steamers w/ozone may have antiseptic and antibacterial effect on the skin that is beneficial for acne or problematic skin.

Question 11

O-zone

Answer 11

O-zone is what is created after a lightening storm and has a distinct smell. Has antiseptic qualities, strong oxidizer that creates free radicals.

Question 12

Lucas

Answer 12

Used to apply a very fine mist of plant extracts, herb teas, fresheners, or astringents. Excellent for treating dehydrated, mature, and coupe rose skins. Increases blood flow.

*invented by Dr. Lucas Championniere

Question 13

Hair Growth Cycles

Answer 13

Hair growth is a result of the activity of cells found in the basal layer. These cells are found within the hair bulb. Hair growth occurs in three stages: Anagen, Catagen, Telogen, and Latent.

Anagen phase: the growth stage during which new hair is produced. New keratinized cells are manufactured in the hair follicle during the Anagen stage. Activity is greater in the hair bulb, which pushed down into the dermis and swells with cell mitosis in the matrix. Stem cells at the junction between the arrector pili muscle and the follicle grow downward and stimulate cell mitosis in the matrix. New cells form and hair and root sheaths while the older part of the hair reaches full length, it can remain for weeks/years.

Catagen phase: the transition stage of hair growth. Mitosis ceases. Hair grows upward and detaches itself from the dermal papilla. The follicle degenerates and collapses as epidermal tissue retracts upward. Hair loses its inner tooth sheath and becomes dryer. Shortest part of the gage growth cycle.

Telogen phase: the final or resting stage of hair growth. During the Telogen stage, the club hair moves up the follicle and is ready to shed. Hair is at full size and erect in the follicle showing above skins surface. Hair bulb is not active and hair is released and only attached by epidermal cells. May sit in follicle or fall out.

Latent phase: follicle is empty and dormant. Old hair sheds and the cycle begins again.

Question 14

Two types of temporary methods of hair removal?

Answer 14

Depilation: a process of removing hair at or near the level of the skin. (Shaving and chemical depilation).

Epilation: the process of removing hair from the bottom of the follicle by breaking contact between the bulb and papilla. The hair is pulled out of the follicle. (Tweeting, wax, and depilatories, and sugaring are all methods of epilation procedure estheticians perform).

Question 15

Oily skin characteristics:

Answer 15

• Thick cutaneous surface
• Coarse texture with open follicular offices
• Variety of sebaceous lesions typically
• Feels greasy

Question 16

Oily Skin and Oleosa treatment objectives:

Answer 16

• Cleanse excess sebum
• Refine surface texture
• Clear possible congestion
• Disinfect and soothe
• Hydrate
• Normalize PH
• Protect
• Educate

Question 17

Seborrhea Sicca treatment objectives:

Answer 17

• Hydrate
• Refine surface texture
• Clear congestion
• Disinfect and soothe
• Normalize PH
• Protect
• Educate

Question 18

Diet/supplement recommendations for oily skin:

Answer 18

Avoid processed foods and saturated fats
Avoid stimulants; caffeine, alcohol, and refined sugar
Eat a whole foods diet emphasizing complex carbohydrates, healthy fats, fresh fruits, and vegetables
Include plenty of water and fiber to promote daily bowel movement
Gently detoxify on occasion

Supplements
Vitamin a supports skin health and suppresses excess oil production
Zinc (paired with Vit-A) prevents excess oil production
Vitamin b2

Question 19

Coupe rose skin: three specific conditions

Answer 19

Telangiectasis: condition caused by dated capillaries which appear as ting spidery veins visible on the skin surface, usually over the nose and cheek area. Genetics and aging are contributing factors.

Hypermedia: a chronic state of capillary dilation, resulting in mild or more severe reddening of the skin. Generally, seen on the cheeks, jaw, or chin.

Rosacea: medical condition involving several factors: capillary congestion, skin inflammation, chronic dilation of the capillaries, papule/pustule formation, and dehydration. Occurs in t zone and cheeks.

Question 20

Couperose treatment objectives:

Answer 20

Calm and sooth 
Vaso-constrict 
Strengthen capillaries
Hydrate 
Normalize PH
Protect
Educate

Question 21

Couperose Diet/Supplement recommendations:

Answer 21

Avoid foods and drinks that are either very hot or very cold
Avoid spicy foods
Avoid stimulants
Eat whole foods diet emphasizing non-inflammatory foods, complex carbohydrates, health fats, fresh fruits and vegetables.

Supplements:
Vitamin c for collagen production, immune support, and anti-inflammotory
Bioflavonoids; strengthen capillaries and maintenance in elastin
Antioxidants to prevent damage to skin caused by inflammation reducing the prevalence of erythema and inflammatory lesions associated with Rosacea.
Flaxseed oil reduces inflammation and redness in skin.

Question 22

Flagella

Answer 22

Slender hair like extensions used by bacilli and spirilla for locomotion.

Question 23

Active stage

Answer 23

When bacteria can reproduce.

Question 24

Pus

Answer 24

A fluid created by infection. Contains white blood cells, bacteria, and dead cells.

Question 25

Fungi

Answer 25

Microscopic plant parasites that include molds, mildews, and yeasts.