Bacteriology Flashcards
G(+) cocci
Normally residing in the skin
Purple cocci cluster
Staphylococcus aureus
G(+) cocci
Infection of the hair follicle causing red, pus-filled swollen follicles
Furuncles: Boils
Carbuncles: Group of furuncles
Folliculitis
G(+) cocci
Small, flattened, red patches, drying on the face and limbs which develops into pus filled vesicles that eventually crust over
AKA: PYODERMA
Impetigo
G(+) cocci
Occurs in young women (does not change tampons regularly)
Caused by TSST 1
6 S/Sx: Fever, Hypotension, Erythoderma with desquamation, Profuse diarrhea, multi-organ involvement, scalding
Toxic Shock Syndrome
G(+) cocci
S/Sx: Perioral erythema with sunburn like rash rapidly turning bright red then spreading to bullae which later on desquamates
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
G(+) cocci
Caused by ingestion of enterotoxin
Second most common cause of acute food poisoning
6 S/Sx: Acute salivation, Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal cramps, Watery diarrhea, Gastroenteritis
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
G(+) cocci
When bacteria enter the bloodstream and cause blood poisoning
Can trigger sepsis
Associated with age extremes, CVD, decompensated diabetes, and heroin addicts
May complicate to endocarditis
Septicemia
G(+) cocci
Green
Normal flora of oral cavity
Streptococcus viridans
G(+) cocci
Causes bad breath, dental carries
Loves Carbohydrates: CHO (Carbohydrate) to lactic acid
Complication: Brain abscess
Streptococcus mutans
G(+) cocci
Most virulent, Important human pathogens
Common Manifestations:
- Scarlet Fever (Strawberry like tongue) AKA: Scarletina, erysipelas
ID: Dick’s Test
-Impetigo AKA: Pyoderma
s/s: Yellow crusted lesions (face)
-Sepsis
-Infectious endocarditis resulted from Tonsilitis, Strep throat (3-5 yr complications)
-Pharyngitis
Complications (1-4 wks after infxn)
-Acute Rheumatic Fever (Heart murmurs, Aschoff’s nodule formation in the heart valves)
-Acute Glomerulonephritis
Txt: Penicillin V
-Necrotizing Fasciitis
Txt: PCN, Clindamycin
Streptococcus pyogenes
G(+) cocci
Normal flora of female genitalia
Neonatal sepsis/ Meningitis (from mother)
Txt: Cesarian (Baby), Hole in Skull (Mother)
Streptococcus Agalactiae
G(+) cocci
Liver, intestinal abscess
UTI
Enterococcus (faecalis, faecium, durans)
G(+) cocci
Normal flora of the colon
Isolated among patients with colon cancer
Streptococcus bovis
G(+) cocci in chains
Mucopurulent (pus-like: yellow&white) sputum
Streptococcus pneumonia
Spore-forming G(+) Rods
Only bacteria w/ an amino acid (D-glutamic acid) capsule
-Endospore: Gives extra resistance, Not affected by heat
Causes anthrax
Cutaneous: Localized tissue necrosis “Black eschar lessions”
Respiratory: “Woolsorter’s disease”
GI: Rare but fatal diarrhea
Normal flora of sheep, goat, cattle
ID: MacFaydean reaction test
Medusa head colony appearance
Bacillus anthracis
Spore-forming G(+) Rods
Non-encapsulated, motile
Produces exotoxin
Food poisoning (fried rice): emetic/diarrheal
Bacillus cereus
Spore-forming G(+) Clostridium
Normal flora of animals
Inh. release of Ach in skeletal muscles: Botulism
Acquired: Deep wound infxn, Vacuum packed or canned foods, Honey eaten by infants
S/s: No contraction
-Flaccid paralysis “Flappy baby syndrome”: starts w/ facial muscles
-Diaphragmatic paralysis: Respiratory arrest
-Diplopia, Slurred speech, Swallowing difficulty
Used in small doses in dermatology: Botos
Txt: Trivalent antitoxin
Clostridium Botulinum
Spore-forming G(+) Clostridium
Normal flora of horses,dogs (fecal matter)
Inh. GABA & glycine (inhibitory) NT
Tetanus
S/s: Highly contracted
-Spastic paralysis
-Ricus sardonicus: Sardonic smile/ Devil’s grin
-Opisthotonus: Hyperarching of back muscles - Spine may break
- Lock jaw
Virulence: Tetanospasmin
Clostridium tetani
Spore-forming G(+) Clostridium
“Flesh eating bacteria”
Gas gangrene (necrosis)
s/s: Myonecrosis- Liberation of foul smelling gas
ID: Nagler’s test
Txt: Amputation, Maggots (eat necrotic tissue-lab grown), Hyperbaric chambers (allow O2 to penetrate for blood flow)
Clostridium perfringens
Spore-forming G(+) Clostridium
Normal flora of colon
Pseudomembranous colitis (Yellow pus in lining of inflammed intestines
S/s: Bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps
Associated with use of broad spectrum antibiotics
Clostridium difficile
Non-spore forming G(+) Rods
V-shaped or palisades: Irregular shaped
“Chinese lettering”
Pleomorphic; Aerobic/facultative Anaerobic
Non-motile, nonencapsulated
Whitish puss in tonsils
Screening test: Schick
Lab Dx: Leoffler’s slant
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Non-spore forming G(+) Rods
Only G(+) with endotoxin
Has tumbling end-over-end motility at 22C but not at 37C (Amphitrichous)
Facultative anaerobe
Catalase
Produces hemolysin
Listeria monocytogenes
Non-spore forming G(+) Rods
More common in males (Testosterone and sebum)
Acne
S/s: Comedone (Black, whitehead)
Propionibacterium acnes
G(-)
Found in GI
EPEC (Enteropathogenic escherichia coli): Infant and children’s diarrhea
ETEC (Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli): Traveler’s diarrhea (Montezuma’s revenge)
EIEC (Enteroinvasive escherichia coli): Similar to shigellosis
EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli): Verotoxin; bloody diarrhea
UTI
Sepsis
Meningitis
Escherichia coli (Enterobacteriaceae)
G(-)
2nd most common cause of G(-) sepsis
Pneumonia
Encapsulated
Klebsiella pneumonia
G(-)
Very motile, alkaline urine
Common cause of UTI and nosocomial infxn
Proteus mirabilis
G(-)
Non-motile; non-lactose fermenter
Highly adapted to humans
Acid resistant
Shiga toxin: Inactives 60s ribosomes
Fluorescent (No need for staining)
Diarrhea & inflammed colon: dehydrated
Shigella dysenteriae
G(-)
Mostly motile; non-lactose fermenter
Peritrichous
Produce H2S (Rotten egg smell)
Form acid in glucose and mannose
Lives in GI of animals (chicken, broken eggs)
Salmonella sp
G(-)
Salmonella sp.
Typhoid fever
DOC: Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone
Salmonella typhi
G(-)
Salmonella sp.
Sepsis
Salmonella choleraesius
G(-)
Salmonella sp.
Diarrhea/Gastroenteritis
Salmonella enetritidis
G(-)
Curved rod
Exotoxin: Cholera toxin
Watery diarrhea: “rice watery” stools
Not an invasive infection
Vibrio cholerae (Enterobacteriaceae)
G(-)
Spiral shaped, highly motile, microaerophilic
Lophotrichious
Adherence factors, motility, mucinase
Gastritis, gastric/ duodenal ulcers, PUD
Helicobacter pylori
G(-)
Small uniform coccobacillus
Not influenza
Aerobic or facultative anaerobe
Encapsulated
Similar s/s to flu
Causes meningitis, epiglottitis, septic arthritis, sepsis
Lab Dx: Chocolate agar
Haemophilus influenzae
G(-)
AKA koch-Week’s bacillus
H. influenzae biotype III
CM: Conjunctivitis (Reddish sclera, Hardened puss)
Haemophilus aegyptius
G(-)
STD
CM: Soft chancre/ chancroid (Hard chancre- CM of syphilis)
S/s: Ulcerative lesions in genitalia, Lymphadenitis in the groin area
Haemophilus ducreyi
G(-)
Brucella sp.
Cow
CM: Brucellosis AKA Malta fever, undulant fever, Bang’s dse
Teratogenic
Brucella abortus
G(-)
Brucella sp.
Swine
CM: Brucellosis AKA Malta fever, undulant fever, Bang’s dse
Teratogenic
Brucella swine
G(-)
Brucella sp.
Dog
CM: Brucellosis AKA Malta fever, undulant fever, Bang’s dse
Brucella cannis
G(-)
Brucella sp.
Goat
CM: Brucellosis AKA Malta fever, undulant fever, Bang’s dse
Brucella miletensis
G(-)
CM: Tularemia AKA Rabbit fever, deer fly fever
S/s: Swollen lymph nodes
Francisella Tularensis
G(-)
CM: Bubonic plague AKA Black death, Black plague (PPE w/ beak with herbals)
s/s: Buboes (wound), necrosis, swollen lymph nodes
Vector: Rat flea
Yersinia pestis
G(-)
“Whooping cough”
Fastidious coccobacilli
(+) capsule in virulent strains
Strict aerobe
Prevention: DTP/DPT (Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis) vaccine
Bordetella pertussis
G(-)
Facultative intracellular
Aerobic, fastidious
Natural habitat: WATER
Pneumonia like symptoms
Causes legionnaire’s dse (Spreaded by aircon) and Pontiac fever
Legionella pneumophila
G(-) Diplococci
Life threatening when it reaches the blood
Meningococcus
Glucose and maltose fermenter
Piliated
Meningitis, meningococcemia
Neisseria meningitides
G(-)
AKA Tulo = puss
Gonorrhea, STD
PID
Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum (Puss in eyes)
Prevention: treat mother first (PID) /c-section
Txt: Erythromycin (new), 1% Silver Nitrate (old)
Neisseria gonnorhoeae
G(-)
Produce pigment in agar
Motile, obligate aerobic rods
Occurs as single bacterium, in pairs in short chains
Does not ferment carbohydrates
UTI, pneumonia
Pigments produced: Pyocyanin, Pyoverdin, Pyorubin, Pyomelanin
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Small, obligate, intracellular
Energy parasites
Contain DNA, RNA
Can synthesize own CHONS
Chlamydia and Rickettsiae
Obligate intracellular bacteria that occupy a nonacidified vacuole during their entire developmental cycle
Elementary Bodies (EB): Infective form
Reticulate Bodies (RB): Non-infective form
Causes conjunctivitis, cervicitis, pneumonia
C. trachomatis: Trachoma
C. pneumoniae: Atypical pneumonia
C. psittaci: Psittacosis-Ornithosis (Bird infxn)
Chlamydia
G(-)
Pleomorphic coccobacilli
Peptidoglycan-ctg muraminic acid and
diaminopimelic acid
Growth enhanced by sulfonamides
Vector: transmitted via ticks, mites, louse, fleas
ID test: Weil-Felix Test
s/s: diffused rashes from arthropod bite
Txt: TCN, Chloramphenicol, increased
resistance to sulfonamides
Rickettsia
G(-)
“Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever”
Flat spots
Fever, conjunctival redness, severe headache, rash
Vector: WOOD TICK or DOG TICK
Rickettsia rickettsii
G(-)
CM: Brill-Zinser’s Dse/ epidemic typhus
Vector: LOUSE
Murine Typhus
Vector: RAT FLEA
Rickettsia prowazekii
G(-)
CM: Scrub Typhus
Vector: MITE
Orientia tsutugamushi
G(-)
CM: Rickettsial Pox
Vector: MITE
Rickettsia akari
G(-)
CM: Queensland Tick Fever
Vector: TICK
Rickettsia australis
G(-)
Spiral, motile
Have axial filaments/Endoflagella
Cork screw movement
Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira
Spirochetes
G(-)
Microaerophilic
Darkfield microscopy (no staining), Immunoflourescence, Silver stains
Cause syphilis (STD)
1. Congenital (newborn, during 4th month)
s/s: Keratoconjunctivitis, perforated palate, saddle nose, patchy mucus membrane, Hutchinson’s teeth
ID: Flourescent Treponema test
- Acquired/STD
1st stage: Hard chancre
2nd stage: Condylema- macupapular rash with cigar butt like burn
Latent: Several years
3rd: stage: Gummas (untreated syphilis) characterized by CNS problems
ID test: Venereal dse research lab test (VDRL), Rapid plasma regain
Txt: DOC: Pen G administered at gluteus maximuss
Treponema pallidum
G(-)
Highly flexible
Can be cultured in fluid media (Blood serum and tissue)
Causes relapsing fever
Vector: WHITE FOOTED MOUSE & WHITE TILED DEER TICK
Borrelia recurrentis
G(-)
CM: Lyme’s dse
Vector: IXODES TICK
s/s: erythema chronicum migrams (Bull’s eye rash)
Borrelia burgdorferi
G(-)
Tightly coiled, thin, flexible
Causes Leptospirosis
CM: Leptospirosis/ Weil’s Dse- Rodents, dogs, bats, squirrels (Urine)
Acquired from contaminated water through broken skin
s/s: nephritis, meningitis, conjunctivitis, splenomegaly, jaundice, bloodshot eyes
Culture: Fletcher’s media
Txt: DOC: Doxycycline
Leptospira interrogans
Rod shaped, aerobic
Do not form spores
Resist decolorization by acid or alcohol
Acid Fast Bacteria
Contains mycolic acid
Waxy lipid (slippery)
Dyes are easy to remove
Mycobacterium
Acid Fast Bacteria
Intracellular organism
Slow growing (12-20hr)
Weakly G(+) cell wall
Resist drying
Sensitive to UV, phenol, Hypochlorite, heat
Virulence factor: cord factor, intracellular survival
Growth: Lowenstein-Jesten medium
AKA Koch’s bacillus
CM: Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), Extrapulmonary tubercolosis (EPTB) - TB of skin, bones, kidney, and other organs
s/s: afternoon fatigue, pm fever, loss of appetite, and weight (rapid), cough, hemoptysis (Bloddy sputum)
Dx: Mantoux test (old) -tuberculin
Purified protein derivative (new) (PPD)- Skin test
TB-DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course): Rifampicin, Ethambutol, Streptomycin, Pyrazinamide, Isoniazid
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Acid Fast Bacteria
Hansen’s disease AKA Leprosy
Found in scrapings from skin or mucous membrane in lepromatous leprosy
Attacks colder tissue of the body (ears, nose, cheeks, scrotum)
Txt: DOC: Dapsone
SE: Erythema nodosum leprosum
Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium leprae
Benign type (removed through surgery)
CM: Blotchy, flat lesions
(+) in lepromin skin test
Tuberculoid (TL)
Mycobacterium laprae
CM: Disfiguring appearance (leonine/lion like), thickening of eyebrows, lips, cheeks
Disintegration of body part, Malignant type (Spreads in the body)
(-) in lepromin skin test
Lepromatous (LL)
