Bacteriology

Question 1

● round
● oval, elongated or flattened on one side
● during reproduction, the cells can remain attached to one another

Answer 1

Cocci

Question 2

CHARACTERISTIC ARRANGEMENT OF COCCI: pairs

Answer 2

Diplococci

Question 3

CHARACTERISTIC ARRANGEMENT OF COCCI: chainlike pattern

Answer 3

streptococci

Question 4

CHARACTERISTIC ARRANGEMENT OF COCCI: divide in two planes and remain in groups of four

Answer 4

tetrads

Question 5

CHARACTERISTIC ARRANGEMENT OF COCCI: divide in three planes and remain in cubelike groups of eight

Answer 5

Sarcinae

Question 6

CHARACTERISTIC ARRANGEMENT OF COCCI: grapelike clusters or broad sheets

Answer 6

Staphylococci

Question 7

● rod
● differ in length-to-width ratio
● end varies between species
● flat, cigar-shaped or bifurcated
● singly or remain together after division

Answer 7

Bacilli

Question 8

CHARACTERISTIC ARRANGEMENT OF BACILLI: Single rods

Answer 8

Single

Question 9

CHARACTERISTIC ARRANGEMENT OF BACILLI: pairs after division

Answer 9

Diplobacilli

Question 10

CHARACTERISTIC ARRANGEMENT OF BACILLI: Chains

Answer 10

Streptobacilli

Question 11

CHARACTERISTIC ARRANGEMENT OF BACILLI: Oval

Answer 11

Coccobacilli

Question 12

one or more twists; they are never straight

Answer 12

Spiral

Question 13

curved rods

Answer 13

Vibrios

Question 14

helical and rigid; uses flagella to move

Answer 14

Spirilla

Question 15

helical and flexible; uses axial filament for
movement

Answer 15

Spirochetes

Question 16

substances that surround cells; viscous, gelatinous polymer composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide or both; a layer that is often quite thick.

Answer 16

Glycocalyx

Question 17

which is an organized substance that is attached to the cell wall.

Answer 17

Capsule

Question 18

which is an unorganized and loosely attached substance around the cell.

Answer 18

Slime Layer

Question 19

protects bacterial colonies that grow on
them from host defenses such as mechanical flushing and specific cell defenses of the body

Answer 19

Biofilm

Question 20

long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria.

Answer 20

Flagella

Question 21

Parts of flagellum

Answer 21

Filament, hook, basal body

Question 22

What are the function of flagellum

Answer 22

used for motility; moves the cell by rotating from the basal body

Question 23

movement toward or away from a stimulus

Answer 23

Taxis

Question 24

movement toward an attractant

Answer 24

Positive Taxis

Question 25

movement away from a repellant

Answer 25

Negative taxis

Question 26

bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath the outer sheath and spiral around the cell

Answer 26

Axial Filament

Question 27

for adherence to surfaces; can occur at the poles of the bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell

Answer 27

Fimbriae

Question 28

Surrounds and protects the cytoplasmic membrane and internal parts

Answer 28

Cell Wall

Question 28

longer than fimbriae; motility and DNA transfer; rigid tubular structures made of pilin protein; only in G (-) bacteria

Answer 28

Pili

Question 29

a polymer consisting of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) ● Provides rigidity and flexibility ● unique for prokaryotes; not found in eukaryotes. ● Shape depends on crosslinking

Answer 29

Peptidoglycan

Question 30

Components of cross linkages:

Answer 30

● D – glutamic acid ● D – alanine ● Diamiopimelic acid

Question 31

● consists of many layers of peptidoglycan ● insoluble but porous; pores allow transport of substances ● contains teichoic acids

Answer 31

Gram Postive Cell Wall

Question 32

Retain crystal violet and stain dark violet

Answer 32

Gram positive cell wall

Question 33

● One or few layers of peptidoglycan ● bonded to lipoproteins in the outer membrane found in the periplasmic space or periplasmic gel

Answer 33

Gram negative cell wall

Question 34

Can be decolorized to keep counterstain and stain red

Answer 34

Gram negative cell wall

Question 35

functions as a bag of enzymes wherein these can degrade macromolecules like fats and proteins. It can also protect against toxic substances and it will bind essential nutrients

Answer 35

Periplasmic space

Question 36

large, complex molecule that contains lipids and carbohydrates and consists of three components

Answer 36

Lipopolysaccharides

Question 37

What are the 3 components of Lipopolysaccharides?

Answer 37

Lipid A, core polysaccharide, O polysaccharide

Question 38

Lipopolysaccharide that function as an antigen and is useful for distinguishing serovars of gram-negative bacteria.

Answer 38

O polysaccharides

Question 39

attached to lipid A and contains unusual sugars. Its role is structural—to provide stability.

Answer 39

Core polysaccharides

Question 40

the lipid portion of the LPS and is embedded in the top layer of the outer membrane.; function as an endotoxin

Answer 40

Lipid A

Question 41

2 examples of Atypical Cell wall

Answer 41

Mycoplasma; Archaeobacteria

Question 42

smallest known bacteria; naturally have no cell wall; smallest known bacteria; plasma membrane consists of sterols which protect cells from lysis

Answer 42

Mycoplasma

Question 43

lacks cell walls or may have unusual walls composed of polysaccharides and proteins

Answer 43

Archaebacteria

Question 44

inner membrane; thin structure enclosing the cytoplasm; consists of special lipids and proteins; can be destroyed by alcohols and polymyxin.

Answer 44

Cell Membrane

Question 45

irregular folds in the plasma membrane; “artifacts”

Answer 45

mesosome

Question 46

What are the 2 structures of cell wall?

Answer 46

Phospholipid bilayer; proteins

Question 47

controls transport, energy production, nutrient processing, and synthesis of structural molecules.

Answer 47

Cell membrane: Proteins

Question 48

● Internal matrix of the cell contained inside the plasma membrane. ● It is also thick, aqueous, semitransparent and elastic. ● Major structures inside it: DNA, ribosomes and inclusions.

Answer 48

Cytoplasm

Question 49

May contain the bacterial chromosome which contains a single long circular molecule of double stranded DNA; serves as genetic information; Contain plasmids

Answer 49

Nuclear Area

Question 50

site for protein synthesis; gives cytoplasm a granular appearance; composed of 2 subunits each with a protein and ribosomal RNA; inhibited by streptomycin, neomycin and tetracycline

Answer 50

Ribosome

Question 51

are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins.

Answer 51

Inclusions

Question 52

storage of energy; reservoir of structural building blocks

Answer 52

Reserve deposits

Question 53

Resting structures formed by gram positive bacteria for survival during adverse environmental conditions. Highly durable dehydrated cells with thick walls. Can survive extreme heat, lack of water and exposure to many toxic chemicals and radiation

Answer 53

Endospore

Question 54

process of endospore formation within vegetative cell

Answer 54

Sporulation

Question 55

return of endospore to vegetative state

Answer 55

Germination

Question 56

Bacteria with no flagella

Answer 56

atrichous

Question 57

many flagella at 1 end

Answer 57

lophotrichous

Question 58

bacteria may have one flagellum

Answer 58

monotrichous

Question 59

flagella at both poles

Answer 59

amphitrichous

Question 60

many flagella over the whole cell

Answer 60

peritrichous