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Immunology Block II > Bacterial Toxins > Flashcards

Bacterial Toxins Flashcards

1
Q

organisms not associated with disease
free living bacteria
most bacteria (Bacilus spp)

A

Saphrophytes

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2
Q

Organims that live in association with a host
relationship benefits both organisms
most bacteria live w/in a host (Staphylococcus)

A

Commensals

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3
Q

Organism that causes disease in compromised host: immune, physical, or chemical Pseudomonas Staphylococcus

A

Opportunistic Pathogens

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4
Q

organism that is capable of causing disease in a ‘normal host’

A

Pathogen

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5
Q

Bacillus anthracis and corynebacterium diphtheriae are what type of bacteria

A

Pathogens

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6
Q

Staphylococcus is what class of bacteria

A

opportunistic pathogen

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7
Q

Staphylococcus is what class of bacteria

A

Commensal

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8
Q

degree of pathogenicity

A

virulence ~ varies on ability to produce factors that cuase disease in host

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9
Q

point of mortal combat

a. microbe against WBC or aquired immune system

A

Incubation period

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10
Q

If you are infected with a low dose you may have an asymptomatic infection—will not cause diesae but

A

does illicit immune response and you produce antiBs

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11
Q

best way to fight a future infection, is

A

to get an infection

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12
Q

Can get recurrent illness as the diesase may change it’s ___________ to protect itself from host immune response

A

surface proteins

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13
Q

Properties of Successful Pathogen:

A
  1. Gain access into the host
  2. Colonize host tissue
  3. Resist host defense mechanism
  4. Damage host
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14
Q

Two mechanisms to resist host defense mechanism

A

a. non-specific (TLR or cytokines and macrophages)

b. Specific acquired T and B cell mediated

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15
Q

Pathology d/t

A

invasive properties of bacterium

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16
Q
  1. Microbe enters/colonizes host→ damage d/t GROWTH of bacterium in host
    The pathology is due to
A

invasive properties of bacterium

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17
Q

capsules ≠phagocytosis and allow bacterium to grow in host in present of immune response to the bacterium and innate immune system is an example of

A

invasive properties of bacterium

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18
Q

microbe enter, colonizes and grows in host, typically at a specific site in the host (growth may be limited, non-invasive)
a. don’t see sepsis, but bacterium make toxin that causes damage at sight other then sight of infection.

A

Pathology d/t toxins produced by bacterium

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19
Q

Corynebacterium diphteriae causes localized infection of the trachea→ then secreates a toxin that damages everything else

A

Pathology d/t toxcins produced by baceterium

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20
Q

General properties of Exotoxins

1. Produced by both:

A

G + and G- bacteria

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21
Q

Exotoxins are heat labile proteins vs endotoxins which are:

A

lipolysacharides

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22
Q

Exotoxins need a _____ amount to elicit a response

Endotoxins need a _____ amount

A

small amount

large amount

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23
Q

Exotoxins are immunogenic and are converted to a toxoid by ________ to generate a vaccine

A

Formaline

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24
Q

Formalin is used to convert exotoxins to ________ to generate a ________

A

toxoids

vaccine

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25
_____ = toxin whose toxicity has been altered/inactivated by chemical (formalin) or heat yet maintains immunogenicity
toxoid
26
:anti-toxin antibodies which is often neutralize the toxin (via passive immunization) * we are not relying on host mechanisms… we are using monoclonal antiBs to get immune respone (I think)
response to toxoids
27
Exotoxins do/do not induce fever
Do NOT induce fever response by host
28
Exotoxins are very toxic at ____ doses
LOW
29
is often responsible for entire pathology of the pathogen
exotoxins
30
bind to receptors--- don’t have to enter the cell to act, induce cells own signal
Surface acting toxins:
31
soluble proteins that bind to receptors on cell surface and oligomerize to cause damage to the cell
Pore-forming toxins
32
AB toxins a. A: has _______ that is activated once it binds to the B component b. B is for
- enZ activity | - cell recognition and will bring the A part in via the clarthrin coated pit
33
AB is _____ toxic and cause damage easily
Very
34
some of the AB toxins can traffic all the way back to the golgi and utilize the host cell machinery to cause damage—
UPREGULATE retrograde path
35
a. bacteria adhere to host cell and have syringe like structure that injects pre-formed toxins into host cell b. goal is to paralyze the cell so it cant phagocytize the bacterium
Type III and IV secreation
36
Each toxin has ________ (enZ) that catalyzes a specific rxn or targets a unique host macromolecule--- yields a specific pathology
catalytic component
37
Toxins are proteins that are enZs that modify a specific host macromolecule via
post-translational modification
38
Modification of Diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A:
ADP robosylate EF2: inhibits proteins synthesis ( NAD→ ADPr-host protein)
39
Mechanism for Bolulinum and Tetanus:
Protease for SNARE proteins
40
Large Clostridium difficile toxin:
Glucosylates Rho proteins
41
Shiga Toxin:
De-adenylate adenine on RNA (sligtly different bc it’s not targeting a protein, its targeting a macromolecule)
42
De-adenylate adenine on RNA (sligtly different bc it’s not targeting a protein, its targeting a macromolecule)
Shiga toxin
43
Glucosylates Rho proteins
C.diff toxin
44
Protease for SNARE proteins
Mech for Botulinum and Tetanus
45
ADP robosylate EF2: inhibits proteins synthesis ( NAD→ ADPr-host protein)
Modification of Diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A:
46
Toxins as Protoxins a. bacteria secrete pro-toxin in stable form→ not active until modified b. activation is via :
proteolysis, disulfide bond reduction
47
a. pathology in the heart, liver, lungs and NS…Death d/t cardiac failure even though they colonize in URT and have a localized infection
Diptheria toxins
48
Diptheria toxins ≠
protein sythesis: ADP-r-EF2
49
Diptheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis Vaccines | 1. Four dif combinations:
DTaP, Tdap, DT and Td
50
a. DTaP and DT →
to kids under 7
51
b. Tdap and Td
to older children + adults
52
Children get how many doses of DTaP?
5 doses of DTaP at: 2, 4, 6, 18 months and 4-6 years
53
Td is Tetunus/diphtheria vaccine →
to adults and adolescents for booster shot/10 years or after exposure to tetunus is some circumstances
54
TdaP is simular to Td… but has protection against pertussis a. adolescents 11-18 should get : b. women should get TdaP during each pregnancy in:
single dose of TdaP | preferably in 3rd trimester
55
Tdap can be given no matter when Td was last received, T or F
True
56
TdaP can be given to a 7-10 yr old that aren’t
fully immunized against pertussis
57
*’a’ in DTaP and Tdap means
“acellular” meaning that pertussis component has only part of the pertussis organism
58
* upper case = | * lower case of ‘d’ and ‘p’ is
full strength dose | reduced dose
59
Composition of bacterial vaccines | DT/TT vaccine:
formalin inactivated diphtheria toxin/tetanus toxin
60
Composition of bacterial vaccines | Conjugate vaccines:
Hib polysachs are conjugated to diphtheria toxoid making a T cell-dependent immune response (IgM→ IgG)
61
Hib polysachs are conjugated to diphtheria toxoid making a T cell-dependent immune response (IgM→ IgG)
Conjugate vaccines
62
1. Example of how russia had really good vaccine program.. then got rid of it… then ahd horrible outbreak of diphtheria until WHO came in in the 1990s 2. Catalyst for outbreak: increase proportion of susceptible individuals in populaiton d/t migration and deteriorated health infrastructure
Importance of continued vaccination programs

Immunology Block II (1 decks)

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