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Disease and Defense: Unit 4 > Bacterial Structure, Function and Growth > Flashcards

Bacterial Structure, Function and Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Name five things that are distinctly different between eukarya and bacteria.

A
  1. Bacteria don’t have membrane bound nucleus
  2. Bacteria have 70S ribosomes
  3. Bacterria do not have endoplasmic reticulum
  4. Bacteria do not have mitotic spindles
  5. Bacteria do not have chloroplasts or mitochondria
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2
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

What is it made of?

A

To prevent lysis due to osmotic pressure

Peptidoglycan

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3
Q

What is a cocci?

A

Circular shaped bacterium

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4
Q

What is a bacillus?

A

Rod shaped bacterium

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5
Q

What is a coccobacillus?

A

A bacterium who’s shape is in between a bacillus and a cocci

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6
Q

What is a vibrio?

A

boomerang shaped bacterium

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7
Q

What is a spirillum?

A

S shaped bacterium

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8
Q

What is a spirochete?

A

A spring shaped bacterium

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9
Q

What two things determine the shape of a bacterium?

A

Cell wall & Intracellular cytoskeleton

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10
Q

What are the four cytoskeletal elements found in bacteria?

A
  1. FtsZ- looks like tubulin
  2. MreB & ParM- look like actin
  3. CreS (crescentin)- intermediate filaments
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11
Q

What is the function of FtsZ?

A

Division

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12
Q

What is the funtion of MreB and ParM?

A

Shape
Polarity
Chromosome segregation

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13
Q

What is the function of CreS?

A

Shape

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14
Q

What are the repeating units found in peptidoglycan?

A

N-acetylglucosamin (GlcNAc) & N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc)

aka. NAM—-NAG

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15
Q

Is NAM or NAG linked to tetrapeptide chains that contain amino acids?

A

NAM

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16
Q

Amino acid chains linked to NAM are crosslinked with other amino acid chains? Which type of cell has more crosslinking, gram (+) or gram(-)?

A

Gram positive cells

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17
Q

Lysozyme is an enzyme present in many body secretions and which contributes to innate host defenses against bacteria. What is the mechanism of defense?

A

Lysozyme hydrolyzes peptidoglycan by specific cleabage of the glycosidic bond between MurNac and GlcNAc.

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18
Q

Which cell type contains teichoic acid?

A

Gram positive

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19
Q

Name three things found in the outer membrane of gram negative cells.

A
  1. Lipopolysaccharides
  2. Lipoproteins
  3. Porins
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20
Q

What are the three parts of a lipopolysaccharide?

A
  1. A-antigen- Endotoxin
  2. Core polysaccharide
  3. O-antigen- species specific
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21
Q

Repeating polyglycerol-P or polyribitol-P backbones make up what molecule?

A

Teichoic acids

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22
Q

What anchors the cell wall to the cell membrane in gram positive bacteria?

A

Lipoteichoic acids. They are covalently linked to peptidoglycan layer

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23
Q

Are capsular polysaccharides antigenic?

A

Yes! and they often increase the virulence of the bacterium due to resistance to phagocytosis

24
Q

What cell surface structure is responsible for forming biofilms?

A

Glycocalyx

25
Q

What do polar bacteria look like?

A

One flagella

26
Q

What do peritrichous bacteria look like?

A

Flagella everywhere

27
Q

If a bacteria is moving towards a chemoattractant is it doing more runs or tumbles?

Chemorepellent?

A

Runs

Tumbles

28
Q

The counterclockwise rotation of a flagella produces….

A

Runs!

29
Q

Are flagella antigenic?

A

Yes. H antigen can be used for classification

30
Q

What is the function of pili?

A

They are long, slender, proteinaceous antigenic, hair-like structures on the surface of bacteria used for adherence to surfaces and tissues.

Also for bacterial conjugation

31
Q

Specialized secretion systems are found mostly in what group of bacteria?

A

Gram negative

32
Q

Name two differences between cell membranes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

A
  1. There are no sterols in bacterial cell membranes

2 Bacterial cells have a much higher content of proteins (60-70%)

33
Q

Name four functions of electron transport system in bacteria.

A
  1. Transport of metabolites
  2. biosynthesis
  3. DNA replication
  4. Flagellar rotation
34
Q

_______ have 70S ribosomes

A

bacteria

35
Q

Do bacteria have a true nucleus?

A

No

36
Q

Name the types of genomes bacteria have.

A

Single, double stranded circular DNA

Linear

Some bacteria have more than one chromosome

37
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Extra-chromosomal, self-replicating DNA molecules.

Not essential for bacterial viability

Virulence factor

R factor (resistance)

38
Q

What are temperate bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that can integrate into bacterial chromosomes and replicate as part of those chromosomes

39
Q

What is phage conversion?

A

A change in the phenotype of a host bacterium as a consequence of expression of a gene that is encoded by a bacteriophage

40
Q

What is the process of cell division in bacteria called?

A

Binary fission

41
Q

What are the different phases of bacterial growth curve?

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. Exponential phase
  3. Stationary phase
  4. Death phase
42
Q

What is autolysis?

A

Spontaneous cell lysis

43
Q

What are heterotrophic bacteria?

A

Bacteria that require an organic carbon source

44
Q

What are autotrophic bacteria?

A

Bacteria that obtain their carbon exclusively from CO2

45
Q

What are fastidious bacteria?

A

Bacteria that require a number of growth factors such as amino acids, vitamins,purines

46
Q

Bacteria that can grow in the presence of oxygen produce two enzymes. What are they?

A

Catalase

Superoxide dismutase (SOD)

47
Q

What are the two forms of “energy currency” in bacteria and higher cells?

A

ATP

Electrochemical gradients

48
Q

In the process of fermentation, organic compounds serve as….

A

Electron acceptor and electron donors

49
Q

In the process of aerobic respiration molecular oxygen is the….

A

Final electron acceptor

50
Q

In the process of anaerobic respiration inorganic substrates act as…..

A

Final electron acceptor

51
Q

What two species of bacteria produce spores?

A

Clostridium and Bacillus

52
Q

Name three cell wall-active antimicrobials

A
  1. B-lactams
  2. Vancomycin
  3. Cycloserine
53
Q

Name an outer and cytoplasmic membrane-active antimircrobial

A

Polymyxins

54
Q

Name four inhibitors of protein synthesis at the ribosomal level.

A
  1. Aminoglycosides
  2. Tetracyclines
  3. Chloramphenicol
  4. Macrolides
55
Q

Name two inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis.

A
  1. Quinolones

2. Rifampicin

56
Q

Name four metabolic inhibitory antimicrobials

A
  1. Sulfonamides
  2. Trimethoprim
  3. Isoniazid
  4. Metronidazole

Disease and Defense: Unit 4 (5 decks)

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