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Micro Exam 1 > Bacterial Structure and Function > Flashcards

Bacterial Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Microbe

A

a living organism that requires a microscope to be seen

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2
Q

Properties of a microbe

A
  • small size
  • own genome to replicate
  • acquire food and gain energy themselves
  • respond to environmental change
  • evolve at rapid rates
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3
Q

Three domains of life

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • eukarya
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4
Q

How are prokaryotes grouped?

A
  • bacteria

- archaea

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5
Q

How are eukaryotes grouped?

A

eukarya

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6
Q

How is eukarya grouped?

A
  • algae and plants
  • fungi and animals
  • protists
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7
Q

Prokaryotic nucleus

A
  • DNA enclosed within a membrane

- circularly arranged

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8
Q

Eukaryotic nucleus

A
  • DNA found in nucleus separated from cytoplasm nuclear membrane
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9
Q

Prokaryotic histones

A
  • DNA not associated with histones

- Other proteins are associated with DNA

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10
Q

Eukaryotic histones

A
  • DNA is associated with histones and non histone proteins
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11
Q

Prokaryotic organelles

A
  • none
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12
Q

Eukaryotic organelles

A
  • multiple membrane enclosed organelles
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13
Q

Prokaryotic cell wall

A
  • peptidoglycan
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14
Q

Eukaryotic organelles

A
  • polysaccharide cells walls (cellulose, chitin)
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15
Q

Prokaryotic division

A
  • binary fission
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16
Q

Eukaryotic division

A
  • mitosis
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17
Q

Bacteria characteristics

A
  • prokaryotes
  • single cell
  • peptidoglycan cell walls
  • binary fission
  • derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis
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18
Q

Archea characteristics

A
  • prokaryotes
  • lack peptidoglycan cell wall
  • often live in extreme environments
  • not associated with any human disease
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19
Q

Archea inclues

A
  • methanogens
  • extreme halophiles
  • extreme thermophiles
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20
Q

Fungi characteristics

A
  • Eukaryotes (distinct nucleus)
  • chitin cell wall
  • absorb organic chemicals for energy
  • yeasts are unicellular
  • molds and mushrooms are multicellular
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21
Q

Molds

A

consist of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments = hyphae

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22
Q

Protozoa characteristics

A
  • eukaryotes
  • absorb or ingest organic chemicals
  • may be motile via pseudopods, cilia or flagella
  • free living or parasitic
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23
Q

Algae characteristics

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • cellulose cell walls
  • found in freshwater, saltwater and soil
  • photosynthesis
  • produce oxygen and carbohydrates
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24
Q

Viruses characteristics

A
  • acellular
  • DNA or RNA core
  • core surrounded by protein coat
  • coat may be enclosed in lipid envelope
  • replicate only when in living host cell
  • inert outside living hosts
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25
Q

Bacteriology

A

study of bacteria

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26
Q

Mycology

A

study of fungi

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27
Q

Parasitology

A

study of protozoa and parasitic worms

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28
Q

Virology

A

study of viruses

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29
Q

How are microorganisms measured?

A

micrometers

nanometers

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30
Q

How many nm are in 1 um?

A

1000nm

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31
Q

Types of light microscopy

A
  • bright field
  • dark field
  • phase contrast
  • DIC
  • fluorescence
32
Q

What does light microscopy help see?

A

size and shape only

33
Q

What does confocal microscopy help see?

A

Study different structures and how they interact with human cells

34
Q

What does the two-photo microscope help see?

A

minute details

35
Q

Types of electron microscopy

A
  • SEM

- TEM

36
Q

Types of scanned probes

A
  • AFM

- Scanning tunneling

37
Q

Which type of microscope has the largest range?

A

TEM

38
Q

What type of microscopes can be used within the range of organisms in the book?

A
  • Light
  • SEM
  • TEM
39
Q

TEM range

A

10pm - 100um

40
Q

SEM range

A

10nm - 1 mm

41
Q

light microscope range

A

200nm - 10nm

42
Q

AFM range

A

0.1nm - 10nm

43
Q

Steps to prep for light microscopy

A
  • stain
  • smear
  • fix
44
Q

Staining

A
  • coloring microorganism with a dye that emphasis certain structures
45
Q

Smear

A

a thin film of a material containing microorganisms spread over a slide

46
Q

Fixation

A
  • microorganisms attached to slide

- kills them

47
Q

What do stains consist of?

A
  • positive and negative ion

- one is colored (chromophore)

48
Q

In a basic dye, the chromophore is a what?

A

cation (+)

49
Q

In an acidic dye, the chromophore is a what?

A

anion (-)

50
Q

Negative staining

A

staining the background instead of the cell

51
Q

Types of basic dyes

A
  • crystal violet
  • methylene blue
  • malachite green
  • safranin
52
Q

Types of acidic dyes

A
  • nigrosin
  • eosin
  • acid fuchsin
53
Q

Acidic and basic dyes are used for what three types of staining techniques?

A
  • simple stains
  • differential stains
  • special stains
54
Q

A bacteria cell has what charge, so what dye is used?

A

(-)

use basic dyes

55
Q

Simple stains

A
  • aqueous solution of a single basic dye
  • stains all the (-) charged cells
  • nonspecific
56
Q

Types of differential stains

A
  • gram stain

- acid fast stain

57
Q

Gram stain

A
  • differentiates between gram + and gram - bacteria
58
Q

What is a key tool for identifying species in clinical laboratory?

A

Gram stain

59
Q

Acid fast stain

A
  • Carbolfuchsin dye
  • only for M. bacterium and Nocardia
  • Have mycolic acid in cell wall
60
Q

Types of special stains

A
  • endospore
  • flagella
  • capsule
61
Q

Simple stain steps

A
  • spread culture
  • air dry
  • fix using methanol or flame
  • stain with methylene blue
  • wash with water
  • blot
62
Q

Steps of gram stain

A
  • methanol to fix
  • crystal violet
  • iodine which binds to gram + cells
  • wash with ethanol
  • safranin counterstain
63
Q

Gram positive staining and iodine

A

due to thick cell wall the stain cannot get out and remains purprle

64
Q

Gram negative staining and iodine

A

thin wall allows stain to leave

65
Q

What color are gram + cells after adding safranin?

A

purple

66
Q

What color are gram - cells after adding safranin?

A

pink

67
Q

Acid fast stain steps

A
  • carbolfuchsin (primary stain)
  • heat
  • acid alcohol (decolorizer)
  • methylene blue (counter stain)
68
Q

What color are acid fast molecules?

A

pink

69
Q

What color are non-acid fast molecules?

A

purple

70
Q

What is used for a capsule stain?

A

negative staining

71
Q

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

A
  • coccus
  • bacillus
  • spiral
72
Q

Types of spiral bacteria cells

A
  • vibrio
  • spirillum
  • spirochete
73
Q

Types of coccus cells

A
  • diplococci
  • streptococci (chain)
  • tetrad
  • sardine
  • staphylococci (grapes)
74
Q

Types of bacillus

A
  • single bacillus
  • diplobacilli
  • stretobacilli
  • coccobacillus
75
Q

What makes up the external to cell wall part of the prokaryotic cell

A
  • flagella
  • pili
  • fimbriae
  • glycocalyx
  • axial filament
76
Q

What makes up the internal to the cell wall part of the prokaryotic cell?

A
  • cell membrane

Micro Exam 1 (1 decks)

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