Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology Exam IV > Bacterial STI II > Flashcards

Bacterial STI II Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) (Characteristics)

A
  • Thin, gram-negative SPIROCHETE
  • Motile
  • Microaerophilic (OXYGEN TOXICITY)
  • Sensitive to heat, drying, or disinfectants
  • Does not grow in cell-free culture; very difficult to grow in cell culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) (Spirochete Structure)

A
  • Gram negative cytology
  • Flexible, peptidoglycan cell wall around which several AXIAL FIBRILS/ENDOFLAGELLA are wound
  • The cell wall and axial fibrils are covered by an OUTER BILAYERED MEMBRANE (like outer memrane)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) (Detection)

A
  • DARK-FIELD MICROSCOPY*
  • Better illuminates unstained sample

Direct fluorescent antibody test, also works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) (Highest Incidence)

A

MSM (70%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) (Transmission)

A

Sexual contact or Congenital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) (Primary Syphilis)

A
  • One or more skin lesions (CHANCRES) at site of spirochete penetration (e.g. genitals, cervix, anus, oral area)
  • Lesion is result of HOST RESPONSE to infection (inflammation)
  • Abundant spirochetes are present at lesion

KEY: SINGLE Lesion is PAINLESS, INDURATED (Hardened)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) (Secondary Syphilis)

A

-Usually 2-8 weeks post chancre
FLU-LIKE SYNDROME (myalgias, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, etc.)
PROMINENT SKIN LESIONS dispersed over whole body including PALMS and SOLES of feets (HIGHLY INFECTIOUS)
May get raised lesions called CONDYLOMATA LATA in skin folds (e.g. in genitals) –> Soft, flat, moist, pink-tan papules and nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) (Latent Syphilis)

A
  • ASYMPTOMATIC period* (lasts a few years to decades)
  • Continued infection evidenced by SEROLOGIC tests

Transmission is possible through relapsing SECONDARY LESIONS, BLOOD TRANSFUSION, or transmission to fetus (CONGENITAL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) (Tertiary (Late) Syphilis)

A
  • VERY RARE, as Syphilis is treatable*
  • 1/3 of untreated patients proceed to this
  • Diffuse, chronic inflammation
  • Can cause devastating destruction of virtually ANY ORGAN
  • Granulomatous lesions GUMMAS may be found in bone, skin, and other tissues

Most devastating = Neurosyphilis or Cardiosyphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis): Neurosyphilis Case Presentation

A

Progressive cognitive decline and behavioral changes over last 18 months
Mild to moderate dementia with impaired memory and attention and executive dysfunction

Pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs

MRI –> cortical atrophy and bilateral hippocampal atrophy

Treated with high-dose IV Penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

A

1932-1972: African American males with syphilis were not treated and monitored to see disease progression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) (Congenital Syphilis)

A

Similar to SECONDARY Syphilis

Signs:

  • Rhinitis and Maculopapular Rash
  • Teeth and bone malformation, blindness, deafness, and cardiovascular syphilis
  • Conyloma lata (wart-like lesions around mouth and skin)

Saddle nose Hutchinson’s Teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) (Congenital Syphilis Triad)

A

Hutchinson’s Teeth, Blindness, and Deafness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the microbes that may pass from mother to fetus?

A 
Toxoplasma gondii
Rubella
CMV
HIV
Herpes simplex virus type 2
Syphilis

“ToRCHHeS”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) (Diagnosis)

A

DARK-FIELD MICROSCOPY
Direct Fluorescent antibody microscopy
ANTIBODY DETECTION/SEROLOGY (Most common)

Culture is NOT available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) (Serology)

A

Nontreponemal Tests:

  • Measures antibody directed against CARDIOLIPIN (lipid complex)
  • Rapid plasma Reagina RPR and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory ***VDRL)
  • Not directed at the organism*

Treponemal Tests:

  • Detect antibody SPECIFIC to T. pallidum
  • Fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA-ABS)
  • Microhemagglutination (MHA-TP)
  • Gel-like beads*
  • Directed at the organism*
17
Q

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) (Treatment and Prevention)

A

Treatment:
-Penicillin (Doxycycline or Azithromycin for patients allergic to Penicillin)

Prevention:
-Safe sex

18
Q

Non-Gonococcal Urethritis (NGU) (Symptoms in Men vs Women)

A

Men:

  • Blood in urine or semen
  • Dysuria
  • Discharge from penis
  • Fever (rare)
  • Frequent or urgent urination
  • Itching, tenderness, or swelling in the penis or groin area
  • Pain with intercourse

Women:

  • Abdominal pain
  • Dysuria
  • Fevers and chills
  • Frequent/urgent urination
  • Pelvic pain
  • Vaginal discharge
19
Q

What are the causes of NGU?

A

Chlamydia (Most common)
Mycoplasma genitalium
Ureaplasma urealyticum

20
Q

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma (Characteristics)

A

Smallest free-living bacteria
DO NOT HAVE A CELL WALL (Resistant to PENICILLINS, CEPHALOSPORINS, VANCOMYCIN, and other abx that interfere with cell wall synthesis)
NOT STAINABLE
PLEOMORPHIC
Plasma membrane contains stolen STEROLS (unlike other bacteria)
Extracellular pathogens
Mycoplasma: Genitalium, pneumoniae, hominis
Ureaplasma: Urealyticum, parvum

21
Q

Mycoplasma (Appearance)

A

Fried-egg like appearing colonies

22
Q

M. genitalium and M. hominis

A

Normal inhabitants of GU tract

M. genitalium: NGU in males and cervicitis/PID in females
RESISTANT to Doxycycline; Azithromycin is effective

M. hominis: Associated with postpartum or postabortal fever and PID.
RESISTANT to Erythromycin; Doxycycline is effective

23
Q

Ureaplasma (Characteristics)

A

Found in both normal and urethritic males
Common cause of NGU in males
Rarely found before puberty

24
Q

Ureaplasma (Diagnosis and Treatment)

A

Men with NGU (suspect Ureaplasma) should be treated with DOXYCYCLINE (also active against Chlamydia)

Recurrent –> Azithromycin or Quinolones

25
Q

Haemophilus (Characteristics)

A

Gram negative, Pleomorphic coccobacillus (ranging from coccobacilli to long, slender filaments)

Facultative anerobe, CATALASE POSITIVE (+)

Fastidious: require X (Hemin) and V (NAD) factor for growth
Both are present on heated blood agar **i.e. CHOCOLATE AGAR*

26
Q

Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi) (Characteristics)

A

Inner cities (crack cocaine) and TRAVEL
Rare in the U.S. (Africa, SE Asia, Carribean)
Most commonly diagnosed in men
Painful and soft lesion
Inguinal lymphadenopathy
May contribute to HIV/AIDS

27
Q

Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi) (Diagnosis and Treatment)

A

Slow growth on CHOCOLATE AGAR
Chocolate agar with Vancomycin

Treatment:
-Macrolide (Azithromycin or Erythromycin)

28
Q

Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi) (4 Criteria of Diagnosis)

A

Probable Diagnosis:

1) Has one or more PAINFUL genital ulcers
* MULTIPLE LESIONS*
2) Has no evidence of T. pallidum infection by darkfield examination of ulcer exudate or by serology
3) Clinical presentation is consistent (including lymphadenopathy)
4) HSV testing is NEGATIVE

29
Q

Donovanosis or Granuloma inguinale (Klebsiella granulomatis) (Characteristics)

A

Gram-negative rod, intracellular, encapsulated
Primary lesions are more WART-LIKE than ulcerated
Lesions are PAINLESS but BLEED EASILY
Inguinal granulomas that can rupture
Significant genital damage can occur in untreated cases

30
Q

Donovanosis or Granuloma inguinale (Klebsiella granulomatis) (Diagnosis and Treatment)

A

Ruling out other causes and appearance of DONOVAN BODIES in pathological specimens

Associated with TRAVEL (Very rare in the U.S.)

Treatment: Prolonged treatment with Tetracycline, Sulfamethoxazole, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, or Erythromycin

31
Q

Genital Ulcer Diseases (Frequency of Disease)

A

Genital Herpes > Syphilis&raquo_space;» Chancroid or Donovanosis (both associated with TRAVEL)

32
Q

Genital Ulcer Disease (Evaluation)

A

All patients with GUD should be evaluated with:

1) Serologic test for syphilis or Darkfield examination
2) Diagnostic evaluation for Herpes
3) Test for H. ducreyi where Chancroid is prevalent

33
Q

Genital Ulcer Disease (Treatment)

A

Empiric treatment on basis of CLINICAL PRESENTATION and EPIDEMIOLOGIC CIRCUMSTANCES (including Trael)

At least 25% of patients who have genital ulcers have no laboratory-confirmed diagnosis

Microbiology Exam IV (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions