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Medical Microbiology > Bacterial Respiratory Infections > Flashcards

Bacterial Respiratory Infections Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

What are the characteristics of the bacteria?

A

Nonmotile, non-spore forming, aerobic rods which when stained cannot be decolourised hence the name ‘acid-fast’. The cell wall is rich in lipids, making the surface hydrophobic. Gram-positive.

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1
Q

What is the area of infection for TB?

A

Lower respiratory tract.

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2
Q

What is the benefit of having a hydrophobic cell surface?

A

Resistant to many disinfectants and common laboratory stains, antigenicity, clumping.

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3
Q

What is the growth rate?

A

Grow slowly, dividing every 12-24 hours.

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4
Q

Colonies of TB are coloured. True or False?

A

False. They are nonpigmented or buff coloured.

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5
Q

How does the pathogen escape the immune system?

A

Once infectious particles penetrate to the alveoli they become phagocytised but M. tuberculosis prevents fusion of the phagosome with lysosomes. In addition, to evade macrophage killing mediated by reactive nitrogen intermediates formed between nitric oxide and superoxide anions, it catalytically breaks down the oxidants formed.

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6
Q

How are T cells activated and why is it of no use?

A

Intracellular replication of mycobacteria stimulates T cells and their activation leads to antibody production, but this response is ineffective because the bacteria are protected in their intracellular location.

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7
Q

What is the epidemiology?

A

Worldwide. Disease most common in Southeast Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Europe. People at greater risk are drug or alcohol abusers, homeless persons, nurses or healthcare workers, people with HIV. Humans are the only natural reservoirs. And person to person spread by infectious aerosols.

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8
Q

What is the primary site of infection?

A

Pulmonary. Dissemination to any body site occurs most commonly in immunocompromised patients and untreated patients.

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9
Q

What are the symptoms?

A

Malaise, weight loss, cough and night sweats. Sputum is filled with blood because of tissue destruction.

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10
Q

What are the methods for diagnosis?

A

Skin test to check for exposure to organism. Microscopy and culture are sensitive and specific.

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11
Q

Treatment, prevention and control.

A

Multiple-drug regimens and prolonged treatment are required to prevent development of drug-resistant strains. Rifampin, prophylaxis is used. Control of disease through active surveillance, prophylactic and therapeutic intervention, and careful case monitoring.

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12
Q

Diphtheria is caused by which bacterium?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

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13
Q

What are the symptoms?

A

Sore throat, low grade fever, swollen lymph nodes (bull neck), heart and kidney damage.

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14
Q

What does it produce?

A

Produces a cytotoxic exotoxin causing tissue necrosis at site of infection with associated acute inflammation. Membrane may narrow airway and or slough off (asphyxiation).

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15
Q

Treatment and prevention.

A

Horse anti-toxin and antibiotics. DPT vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus).

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16
Q

What causes whooping cough (pertussis)?

A

Bordatella pertussis

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17
Q

what type of illness is it? (Pertussis)

A

Respiratory illness.

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18
Q

What are the methods for diagnosis?

A

Nasopharyngeal swabs for FA direct staining and culture.

Serological tests and PCR.

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19
Q

What are the symptoms?

A

Fever, malaise, dry cough, sneezing, anorexia, lacrimation, seizures.

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20
Q

What is the epidemiology?

A

Transmission from cough. Adults and adolescents are the primary reservoir for pertussis.

21
Q

Treatment and control.

A

Effective antibiotics include erythromycin and azithromycin. Vaccine for DPT.

22
Q

What causes pharyngitis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A), viruses, and the unusual pathogens include Neisseria gonorrhoea and Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

23
Q

What causes tonsillitis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A).

24
Q

What are the signs?

A

Intense erythema of the tonsils and a creamy-yellow exudate.

25
Q

What are the methods for diagnosis (pharyngitis) ?

A

Rapid strep screening and culturing.

26
Q

Treatment?

A

Penicillin of amoxicillin. Chronic tonsillectomy (surgical removal of tonsils).

27
Q

What causes sinusitis?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae.

28
Q

What are the symptoms?

A

Purulent nasal discharge, pain in face.

29
Q

What are the methods for diagnosis?

A

Nasal secretions are not reliable culture sources. Best culture material is from sinus puncture and Aspirates. X-rays and CT scans are reliable indicators of infection.

30
Q

What are the complications?

A

Spread of infection to other sites. Anaerobic infection.

31
Q

Treatment.

A

Since specimens are difficult to obtain, most sinus infections are treated with antibiotics known to be effective against the most common pathogens (empiric treatment).

32
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A fleshy structure at the opening of the trachea which protects the airway from aspiration during swallowing.

33
Q

How is it affected?

A

Infection causes the epiglottis to swell which is a serious condition due to potential airway obstruction, causing painful swallowing.

34
Q

What is the pathogen responsible?

A

H. influenzae (Type B).

35
Q

What are the methods used for diagnosis?

A

Direct smear and culture with swab.

36
Q

Treatment.

A

Intubation (place a flexible plastic tube into the trachea to maintain open airway).
Ceftriaxone or chloramphenicol.

37
Q

Name two lower respiratory tract infections.

A

Bronchitis and pneumonia.

38
Q

What causes bronchitis?

A

Mycoplasma/clostridium pneumoniae and bordatella pertussis.

39
Q

What are the symptoms?

A

Cough and fever, hyper secretions of mucous in bronchi.

40
Q

What methods are used for diagnosis?

A

Gram stain, culture.

41
Q

Treatment.

A

Empiric: depending on pathogen detected.

42
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

A

Sever complication of LRT infection. Alveoli become inflamed and flooded with fluid (consolidation).
Difficulty in breathing (apnea).

43
Q

What are the different causes of pneumonia related to age?

A

Pneumonia in children is more often viral in origin whereas in adults bacterial pneumonia is more common.

44
Q

How is it acquired?

A

Via the community and hospital.

45
Q

What are the methods for diagnosis?

A

X-rays, examination of the sputum to check for specific antibodies, serology.

46
Q

Treatment.

A

Depends on the cause of pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia is treated with antibiotics.

47
Q

What causes chronic pneumonia?

A

Mycobacteria and fungi.

48
Q

What does chronic pneumonia lead to?

A

Empyema (pus in pleural space) caused by pathogens such as S. aureus, pneumoniae, pyogenes.

49
Q

What are the two types of toxin that diphtheria produces?

A

Cardiotoxic: exotoxin affects the heart to cause heart failure.
Neurotoxic: exotoxin acts on nerves to cause cranial and peripheral nerve paralysis.

Medical Microbiology (8 decks)

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