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Year 2 Clinical Pathology > Bacterial Pathogens > Flashcards

Bacterial Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus

A 
Gram Positive
Primary Pathogen.
30-50% of the population carry it nasally.
Commonest cause of skin/soft tissue infection.
Can Cause: 
Bacteraemia/Septicaemia
Osteomyelitis/Septic Arthritis
Endocarditis
Pneumonia
UTI
Meningitis
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2
Q

Staphylococcus Epidermidis

A

Gram Positive
Opportunistic Pathogen
Skin commensal
Coagulase negative staphylococci
Infection is associated with foreign bodies.
Adheres to plastics/metals using glycocalyx (slime).

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3
Q

Streptococcus Pyogenes

A 
Gram Positive
Group A Strep.
Commonest cause of bacterial sore throat.
Associated with secondary immunological presentations (i.e. glomerulonephritis).
Can Cause:
Scarlet Fever
Necrotising Fasciitis
Pneumonia
Puerperal Sepsis
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4
Q

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

A

Gram Positive
Commonest cause of bacterial pneumonia and meningitis (not including neonates - babies under 3 months of age).
Can Cause:
Otitis Media - middle ear infection

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5
Q

Streptococcus Agalactiae

A

Gram Positive
Group B Strep.
Cause of bacterial meningitis in neonates.

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6
Q

Streptococcus Milleri Complex

A

Gram Positive
Pus forming
Associated with abscesses - i.e. dental, lung, liver and brain

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7
Q

Viridans Streptococci

A

Gram Positive
Collective name for a number of alpha haemolytic strep.
Inhabits the URT i.e. S. oralis & S. mitis
Can Cause:
Sub-acute bacterial endocarditis.

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8
Q

Streptococcus Gallolyticus/Bovis

A

Gram Positive
Alpha haemolytic strep that forms bowel flora.
Can Cause:
Bacteraemia associated with CRC.

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9
Q

Listeria Monocytogenes

A 
Gram Positive
Zoonosis
Able to grow at low temperatures
Associated with consumption of cheese made from unpasteurised milk
Can Cause:
Sepsis 
Meningitis
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10
Q

Corynebacterium

A

Gram Positive
Opportunistic infections associated with devices and trauma.
A number of species are commensals of skin and URT.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae - classic cause of diptheria.

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11
Q

Propionibacterium Acnes

A

Gram Positive

Associated with acne.

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12
Q

Enterobacteriaceae (coliforms)

A 
Gram Negative
Collective name for a number of GN bacilli found in bowel flora.
E. Coli
Klebsiella Pneumoniae
Enterobacter Cloacae
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13
Q

Escherica Coli

A

Gram Negative
Commonest cause of UTI and bacteraemia.
Toxic Strains (0157) associated with severe diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS).
Can Cause:
Nosocomial infections (hospital acquired) - line infections, pneumonia, wound infections.

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14
Q

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

A 
Gram Negative
Multi-resistant
Opportunistic
Characteristic for 'blue-green pus' (if asked in an exam, say green). 
Can Cause:
Respiratory infections
UTIs
Soft tissue infections
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15
Q

Neisseria Meningitidis

A 
Gram Negative
Diplococcus
Note 'glass test' for a purpuric non-blanching rash.
Can Cause:
Meningococcal Sepsis
Meningitis
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16
Q

Neisseria Gonorrhoea

A

Gram Negative
Diplococcus
Rarely an invasive infection.
STI - gonorrhoea - leads to opthalmia neonatorum.

17
Q

Haemophillus Influenzae

A 
Gram Negative
Normal respiratory tract flora.
Capsulated types (type B) are associated with Meningitis and Epiglottitis.
Type B infections prevented by HIb vaccine.
Can Cause:
Respiratory infections
Pneumonia
Infective exacerbations of COPD
18
Q

Anaerobes

A

Clostridium - Gram Positive, Spore Forming
Bacteroids - Gram Negative
Fusobacterium - Gram Negative
Prevotella - Gram Negative

Tend to be part of polybacterial infections - dental infections, lung abscesses etc.

19
Q

Clostridium

A 
Gram Positive
Spore Forming
C. dificile - Abx associated diarrhoea and collitis
C. perfringens - Cause of gas gangrene
C. tetani - Cause of tetanus
C. botulinum - Cause of botulism
20
Q

Mycobacterium Species

A

Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) - does not stain using conventional gram staining.
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis - cause of TB.
Other Mycobacterium species are referred to as “Atypical Mycobacteria”
Atypical Mycobacteria can cause:
Respiratory infections in chronic respiratory patients.
Opportunistic infections in immuno-compromised patients.

21
Q

Spirochaetes

A

Gram Negative
Treponema Pallidum - Syphilis
Leptospirosis - Spread by animals
Lyme Disease - Spread by infected tics

22
Q

Bacteria without a cell wall

A 
Gram Negative
Chlamydia Species
C. trachomatis - commonest cause of STI
Mycoplasma Species
M. pneumoniae - common cause of respiratory tract infections.
23
Q

Gram Positive Bacterial Pathogens and brief explanation…

A

Staphylococcus Aureus
Staphylococcus Epidermidis - foreign bodies
Streptococcus Pyogenes - commonest bacterial sore throat
Streptococcus Pneumoniae - commonest bacterial pneumonia and meningitis excluding neonates
Streptococcus Agalactiae - commonest bacterial meningitis in neonates
Streptococcus Milleri complex - pus forming/abscess causing
Viridans Streptococci - group of alpha haemolytic strep, sub-acute endocarditis
Streptococcus Gallolyticus/Bovis - alpha haemolytic strep. Bacteraemia CRC
Listeria Monocytogenes - consumption of unpasteurised milk.
Corynebacterium - classic cause of diptheria
Propionibacterium Acnes - associated with acne

24
Q

Gram Negative Bacterial Pathogens and brief explanation…

A

Enterobacteriacaea - bowel flora
E.Coli - commonest cause of UTI
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - multiresistant green…
Neisseria Meningitidis - diplococcal meningococcal sepsis/meningitis
Neisseria Gonorrhoea - diplococcal… gonorrhoea
Haemophillus Influenzae - capsulated type B prevented by H1b vaccine
Bacteroid, Fusobacterium, Prevotella - anaerobic
Chlamydia species - lacks a cell wall
Mycoplasma species - lacks a cell wall, commonest cause of respiratory tract infections (M. pneumoniae)
Spirochaetes - siphilis and lyme disease

25
Q

Causes of Meningitis

A 
Staphylococcus Aureus
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Streptococcus Agalactiae
Listeria Monocytogenes
Neisseria Meningitidis
Haemophillus Influenzae type B

Year 2 Clinical Pathology (5 decks)

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