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[2] BACTERIAL GROWTH AND NUTRITION,N > BACTERIAL NUTRITION AND BACTERIAL GROWTH > Flashcards

BACTERIAL NUTRITION AND BACTERIAL GROWTH Flashcards

1
Q

lowest temp at w/c the organism can grow

A

Minimum temperature requirement

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2
Q

temp at w/c organisms grow best

A

Optimum temperature requirement

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3
Q

highest temperature at w/c organisms can grow

A

Maximum temperature requirement

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4
Q

Min 0oC
Opt 15 oC
Max 20 oC

A

Psychrophile

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5
Q

Min 45 oC
Opt 50 – 60 oC
Max 250 oC

A

Thermophile

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6
Q

Min 15 – 20 oC
Opt 20 – 40 oC
Max 45 oC

A

Mesophile

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7
Q

normal range of pH

A

7.35-7.45

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8
Q

grows in pH below 4

A

Acidophile

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9
Q

grows in pH greater than 8

A

Alkalinophile

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10
Q

grows in pH 6.5 to 7.5

A

Neutrophile

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11
Q

Bacteria often produce [?] that could inhibit their own growth

A

acids

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12
Q

To maintain the proper pH, [?] are included in the medium

A

buffers

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13
Q

Requires higher osmotic pressure; Not pathogenic

A

Osmophile

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14
Q

require higher conc. of salts (30%); live in sea water

A

Halophile

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15
Q

Can withstand an environment with high salt concentration (2%)

A

Halotolerant

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16
Q

“extreme halophiles”

A

Osmophile

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17
Q

“obligate halophiles”

A

Halophile

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18
Q

“facultative halophiles”

A

Halotolerant

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19
Q

example of Halophile

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

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20
Q

example of Halotolerant

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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21
Q

Major Elements

A 
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Nitrogen
 Sulfur
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22
Q

Minor Elements

A 
 Phosphorus
 Potassium
 Magnesium
 Iron
 Calcium
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23
Q

Trace Elements

A 
 Manganese
 Cobalt
 Zinc
 Copper
 Molybdenum
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24
Q

Growth Factors

A

 Purines and Pyrimidine
 Amino acids
 Vitamins

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25
Q

Structural backbone of living matter

A

CARBON

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26
Q

Needed for all organic compounds

A

CARBON

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27
Q

Half of the dry weight of bacteria is made up of

A

CARBON

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28
Q

Used in protein synthesis

A

Nitrogen and Sulfur

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29
Q

Use in DNA and RNA synthesis

A

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

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30
Q

Use of gaseous nitrogen directly from the atmosphere

A

Nitrogen Fixation

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31
Q

Synthesize sulfur containing amino acids and vitamins such as THIAMINE and BIOTIN

A

Sulfur

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32
Q

Synthesis of nucleic acids

A

Phosphorus

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33
Q

Phospholipids of cell membrane

A

Phosphorus

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34
Q

ATP synthesis

A

Phosphorus

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35
Q

Cofactor for enzymes

A

Phosphorus

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36
Q

poisonous to organism

A

OXYGEN

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37
Q

dependent on enzyme systems

A

OXYGEN

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38
Q

inability to convert this element can cause problems

A

OXYGEN

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39
Q

TOXIC FORMS OF OXYGEN

A

Singlet Oxygen
Superoxide Radicals
Peroxides
Hydroxyl radicals

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40
Q

normal molecular form of oxygen in a higher energy state

A

Singlet Oxygen

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41
Q

“superoxide anions”

A

Superoxide Radicals

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42
Q

formed in small amount during respiration

A

Superoxide Radicals

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43
Q

highly unstable

A

Superoxide Radicals

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44
Q

from hydrogen peroxide produced from the neutralization of superoxide radicals

A

Peroxides

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45
Q

most reactive form

A

Hydroxyl radicals

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46
Q

formed in the cytoplasm by ionizing radiation

A

Hydroxyl radicals

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47
Q

GROUPS OF BACTERIA ACCORDING TO OXYGEN REQUIREMENT

A

AEROBES
ANAEROBES
MICROAEROPHILES
CAPNOPHILES (CAPNEIC)

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48
Q

require constant exposure to oxygen

A

Obligate aerobes

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49
Q

primarily anaerobe that can tolerate the presence of oxygen

A

Facultative aerobes

50
Q

has enzymes that convert toxic oxygen derivatives

A

AEROBES

51
Q

converts molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide

A

Superoxide dismutase

52
Q

Hydrogen peroxide is still toxic so it is converted to water and oxygen

A

Catalase

53
Q

requires an envi completely free of oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobes

54
Q

primarily anaerobe that can tolerate the absence of oxygen

A

Facultative anaerobes

55
Q

lives in the absence of oxygen

A

ANAEROBES

56
Q

lacks the enzymes SOD and CAT

A

ANAEROBES

57
Q

accumulation of toxic oxygen radicals may inhibit growth

A

ANAEROBES

58
Q

refers to bacteria that requires low concentrations of oxygen (2 – 7%)

A

MICROAEROPHILES

59
Q

cannot grow in the presence of 20 – 21% oxygen

A

MICROAEROPHILES

60
Q

cannot grow in the absence of oxygen

A

MICROAEROPHILES

61
Q

requires higher concentrations of carbon dioxide (3 – 5%)

A

CAPNOPHILES

62
Q

normal concentration of carbon dioxide (1%)

A

CAPNOPHILES

63
Q

refers to an increase in bacterial number, not an increase in the size

A

Bacterial growth

64
Q

mode of reproduction

A

Binary Fission

65
Q

most common method of reproduction of most bacteria

A

Binary Fission

66
Q

the interval of time between the successive binary fission of a cell or population

A

Generation time

67
Q

time required for a cell to divide and its population to double

A

Generation time

68
Q

GT for S. aureus

A

15 mins

69
Q

GT for M. tuberculosis

A

15 hrs

70
Q

GT for T. pallidium

A

33 hrs

71
Q

depends on the condition the bacteria is in

A

Generation time

72
Q

optimum condition:

A

faster GT

73
Q

As a cell divides, the population

A

increases

74
Q

Numerically this is equal to 2 because one cell divides into two raised to the

A

number of times the cell divided (generations)

75
Q

GT is useful in determining the [?] before disease symptoms

appear

A

amount of time that passes

76
Q

GT is useful in determining the effect of a newly developed [?] on the culture

A

preservative

77
Q

PHASES OF GROWTH

A

Lag phase
Log phase
Stationary phase
Decline phase

78
Q

adapting to new environment

A

Lag phase

79
Q

synthesis of enzyme

A

Lag phase

80
Q

no growth rate

A

Lag phase

81
Q

Phase of physiologic youth

A

Lag phase

82
Q

intense metabolic activity

A

Lag phase

83
Q

synthesis of enzymes and various molecules

A

Lag phase

84
Q

undergoes binary fission at the fastest rate

A

Log phase

85
Q

has the shortest and constant generation time

A

Log phase

86
Q

“exponential phase”

A

Log phase

87
Q

phase of balanced growth

A

Log phase

88
Q

Log phase events:

A

o symptoms of infection

o appearance of colonies

89
Q

susceptible to certain antibiotic action

A

Log phase

90
Q

separate -> manufacturing of cell wall = interruption to antibiotic action

A

Log phase

91
Q

has the highest number of cell

A

Stationary phase

92
Q

reproduction = death

A

Stationary phase

93
Q

“plateau phase”

A

Stationary phase

94
Q

factors of death in Stationary phase

A

o nutrient depletion
o pH change
o waste accumulation
o acid production

95
Q

unfavorable envi for growth

A

production of spores

96
Q

negative exponential growth

A

Decline phase

97
Q

dead cells > viable cells

A

Decline phase

98
Q

IN-VITRO ENVIRONMENT

A

Batch culture system

Continuous culture system

99
Q

single batch of medium only

A

Batch culture system

100
Q

no additional nutrients are added

A

Batch culture system

101
Q

waste products are not removed

A

Batch culture system

102
Q

“open culture system”

A

Continuous culture system

103
Q

Addition of nutrients; Removal of waste

A

Continuous culture system

104
Q

sterile medium is fed into the culture vessel at the same rate as the media containing the organism is removed

A

Chemostat

105
Q

has a photocell that measures the absorbance or turbidity of the culture in the growth vessel

A

Turbidostat

106
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING BACTERIAL GROWTH

DIRECT METHOD

A

 Direct cell count
 Plate count
 Membrane Filter technique

107
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING BACTERIAL GROWTH

INDIRECT METHOD

A

 Turbidity

 Determination of Dry weight

108
Q

Petroff-Hausser Counting Chamber

A

Direct cell count

109
Q

easy, cheap

A

Direct cell count

110
Q

gives the size and morphology

A

Direct cell count

111
Q

disadvantage: microbial population must
be fairly large for accuracy because it
require a small volume only

A

Direct cell count

112
Q

“viable cell counts”

A

Plate count

113
Q

Simple and sensitive

A

Plate count

114
Q

Prone to inaccurate counts

A

Plate count

115
Q

Plate count is expressed in

A

COLONY FORMING UNITS

CFU

116
Q

to ensure that some colony counts will be within the range of 30 – 300 colonies; to ensure that some colony counts will be within the range of 30 – 300 colonies

A

SERIAL DILUTIONS

117
Q

2 methods of Plate count

A

o Pour Plate Method

o Spread Plate Method

118
Q

Done on colonies growing on special membrane filters having pores designated to trap bacteria

A

Membrane Filter technique

119
Q

Measures the amount of light that is
transmitted or absorbed through a
solution

A

Turbidity

120
Q

Turbidity

Absorbance is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to

A

bacterial growth

121
Q

Cells growing in liquid medium are collected by centrifugation, washed, dried in the oven and weighed

A

Dry weight

[2] BACTERIAL GROWTH AND NUTRITION,N (1 decks)

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