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Bacterial Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Infection

A

Invasion and multiplication of disease-causing microorganisms in the body

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2
Q

What is produced by an infection?

A

Injury, signs/symptoms, immune response

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3
Q

What do you call microorganisms that live in symbiosis in the body?

A

Commensal

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4
Q

How do are opportunistic pathogens unique from other pathogens?

A

Causes disease when the immune system is weakened

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5
Q

What is the difference between an exogenous and endogenous pathogen?

A

Exogenous — outside the body
Endogenous — inside the body (e.g. normal flora)

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6
Q

T/F: if a pathogen enters the wrong portal of entry, an infection will not occur

A

TRUE; the pathogen must reach its specific target cells!

E.g. Adenovirus in the eye will cause a viral infection; however, if it enters the body via the urinary tract

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7
Q

Virulence

A

Quantitative measure of pathogenicity

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8
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Pathogen’s ability to grow, multiply, and spread, causing infection/disease

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9
Q

Release of Virulence Factors can act by… (5)

A
  1. Inhibiting Protein Synthesis
  2. Damaging Cell Membrane
  3. Activating Immune Response
  4. Activating Second Messenger Responses
  5. Metalloprotease
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10
Q

What is said to be the cause of septic shock?

A

Inflammatory mediators triggered by Lipid A (portion of LPS, from the surface of gram (-) bacteria)

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11
Q

What structural component of a bacteria determines whether it is gram (+) or gram (-)?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Present in Gram (-)
Absent in Gram (+) — allows it to stain

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12
Q

Is septic shock caused by endotoxins or exotoxins?

A

Endotoxin
This is because LPS is part of the bacterial itself

Exotoxins are secreted by bacteria, but not actually apart of the bacteria

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13
Q

Gram (+) or Gram (-): contains periplasm

A

Gram (-)

Periplasm is the space between the inner and outer membrane of a Gram (-) bacteria

Gram (+) only have one membrane

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14
Q

Where are exotoxins located in bacteria?

A

Cytoplasm or periplasm

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15
Q

Infectious Dose

A

Number of specific microorganism required to cause disease

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16
Q

Salmonella vs Shigella: Which has a larger infectious dose?
Does this mean it more easily or less easily causes infection?

A

Salmonella > Shigella, x1,000

A larger infectious dose means that it causes infection less easily

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17
Q

T/F: hand-washing is effective in controlling spread in infectious disease

A

TRUE

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18
Q

Function of Biofilm

A
  1. Protects bacteria from antibiotics and immune defenses
  2. Slows wound healing
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19
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

A protective matrix formed by bacteria to protect them from antibiotics and immune defenses + slows wound healing

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20
Q

Biofilm formation is controlled by ____ (cell—to-cell communication system for bacteria)

A

Quorum sensing

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21
Q

Quorum sensing depends on what

A

Density of bacteria

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22
Q

What are the 3 requirements for infection to develop?

A
  1. An infectious organism (pathogen)
  2. A host (any organism that can support growth)
  3. A favorable environment

if any of these three factors are missing, an infection will not occur

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23
Q

Many people who are exposed to pathogens do not get sick. Why? (6)

A
  1. Unable to multiply at that anatomic site
  2. Tissue lacks specific receptors
  3. Antibacterial factors destroy/inhibit pathogen growth
  4. Insufficient dose
  5. Host is immune
  6. Immune system prevents sickness
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24
Q

Clinical Stages of Infection

A
  1. Incubation Period
  2. Prodromal Period
  3. Acute Illness
  4. Convalescence
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25
Incubation Period
Time between arrival of pathogen and onset of symptoms
26
Prodromal Period
Time during which patient feels “off” but not yet experiencing symptoms of disease
27
Acute Illness Stage
Injury in host that patient recognizes (symptomatic)
28
Convalescence
Microorganism is contained and body is healing
29
Other than convalescence, what else can occur following period of illness?
Disability or death ☹️
30
Gram (+) or Gram (-): Staphylococcus
Gram (+)
31
Describe Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus (4)
Non-motile Non-spore-forming Gram (+) Causes pyogenic and pyrogenic infection, leading to skin lesions and infectious diseases
32
What is the difference between a pimple, a furuncle, and a carbuncle?
A pimple is small and superficial A furuncle/boil is deeper and usually involves the hair follicle A carbuncle is a cluster of multiple furuncles
33
Erysipelas
Deep red, diffuse inflammation
34
What virulence factors can be associated with S. aureus?
1. **Exotoxins** — regulates cytokines 2. **Leukocidins** — kill PMN cells 3. **α-toxins (hemolysins)** — causes tissue destruction and RBC lysis 4. **Coagulate** — hemolytic 5. **Catalase** — inactivates Hydrogen Peroxide
35
Where does S. aureus normally reside?
On the skin Then inoculated into deeper tissue
36
Skin lesions usually associated with S. aureus
Pustules, furuncles, or erosions with honey colored crust
37
What is MRSA?
Methicillin-Resistance Staph aureus — a variety of S. aureus that have evolved to be AB-resistant, even to later gen ABs like methicillin
38
Toxic Shock Syndrome, as caused by S. aureus produces _____
TSST-I — a superantigen that are able to activate a large number of T-cells via exogenous cross-linking of T-cells
39
What bacteria causes the majority of all bacterial pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
40
What are two examples of post-streptococcal sequelae, following acute infections?
Rheumatic Fever and Glomerulonephritis
41
What characteristic of S. pneumoniae makes it more resistant to immune defenses?
Antiphagocytic capsule
42
Examples of acute S. pyogenes infections
Pharyngitis Scarlet Fever Impetigo Cellulitis
43
What bacteria causes this lesion? Is it gram (+) or gram negative
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Gram (+)
44
What is the most common infection caused by C. diptheriae?
Acute pharyngeal infection
45
Describe C. diptheriae (3)
Anaerobic Gram (+) Bacillus
46
T/F: there is a vaccine available for C. diphtheriae
TRUE
47
C. diphtheriae: Signs/Symptoms (12)
- Mild sore throat - Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) - Low fever - Tachychardia - Nausea/vomiting - Chills - HA - Characteristic yellow then gray inflammatory tonsillar membrane - Local edema (bull’s neck) - Hoarseness - Inspiratory high-pitched wheeze (stridor) - Myocardial/neural tissue damage
48
What skin lesions are most commonly associated with Bacillus anthracis?
Black eschars (scabs), accompanied by itchy sores
49
T/F: anthrax is difficult to treat with antibiotics
FALSE; quite sensitive to antibiotics
50
Describe Bacillus anthracis (5)
Toxin-producing Encapsulated Can be aerobic or anaerobic Bacillus Produces spores capable of lying dormant in soil for decades
51
How is Bacillus anthracis usually transmitted?
Skin contact with infected animal or their products
52
Describe Clostridium (4)
Gram (+) Anaerobic Bacillus Grows in animal feces and soil
53
Pseudomembranous Colitis is associated with what bacteria?
C. difficile
54
Gas Gangrene is associated with which bacteria?
C. Perfringens
55
C. Tetani causes…
Tetanus w. Neurotoxin Often causing muscle spasm and convulsions
56
What does C. Botulinum block
Ach at NMJ
57
**Neisseria**: Shape? Gram (+) or (-)?
Cocci Gram (-)
58
T/F: *Neisseria gonorrhoeae* indicates a medical emergency
TRUE
59
What shape is Haemophilus influenzae?
Coccobacillus
60
Which Type of H. Influenzae is non-encapsulated?
Type A
61
Which Type of H. Influenzae is encapsulated?
Type B
62
Which type of H. Influenzae is *more* virulent? What % of invasive bacterial infections does it cause?
Type B; 95%
63
H. Influenzae is more common in: children or adults?
Children (most severe in children under 6)
64
_________ is a gram (-) _______-shaped that is opportunistic in the respiratory tract and causes indolent ulcers.
Moraxella; cocci
65
What are 2 common etiologies associated with Moraxella?
1. Chronic alcoholism 2. Sharing make-up
66
Why can Moraxella *appear* gram (+)?
Despite being gram (-), Moraxella can retain the crystal violent stain
67
What species of Moraxella is associated with conjunctivitis 2º/ poor hygiene
M. Lacunata
68
Common bacterial cause of angular blepharitis
Moraxella
69
How many flagella could you typically find on Helicobacter pylori?
2-7 flagella

X. Clinical Medicine (1 decks)

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