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Microbiology > Bacterial Genetics/Intro to ID > Flashcards

Bacterial Genetics/Intro to ID Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

plasmid

A

DNA molecule that replicates independent of chromosome AND regulates its own expression

can be in low or high number

usually circular

can carry virulence factors/antibiotic resistance

can transfer from bacteria (some)

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2
Q

How do bacteria cells divide?

A

Binary Fission
* origin and terminus, origin move away from e/o

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3
Q

Why are bacteria more vulnerable during division?

A

The cell wall is being generated, we can target this with cell wall targeting ABs.

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4
Q

Quinolones

A

inhibit DNA gyrase during DNA replication (diff. but similar enzyme in gram +)

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5
Q

Rifampicin

A

tagets RNA polymerase, inhibits transcription

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6
Q

What are the three stop codons?

A

UGA, UAG, UAA

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7
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer/Lateral Transfer

A
  • movement of DNA between cells of same generation (between cells in a population)
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8
Q

Vertical Transfer

A

transfer between generations via division

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9
Q

Homologous Recombination

A
  • mechanism for integration for laterally transfered DNA (plasmid)

HR is the joining of two DNA molecules into a new combination that depends on the two DNAs having identical or at least very similar sequences.

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10
Q

What are the three aspects of Horizontal Gene Transfer?

A
  1. transformation
  2. Conjugation
  3. Transduction (generalized vs specialized)
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11
Q

what is transformation?

A

uptake of external DNA by “competent cells”

* Haemophilus influenzae
* Neisseria gonorrhoeae
* Helicobacter pylori

competence during stages of life cycle or under certain growth conditions

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12
Q

what are the steps of transformation? (gram + vs. gram -)

A

Gram +
1. Binding
2. Fragmentation
3. Transport

Gram _
1. Binding and Fragmentation
2. Uptake into Periplasm
3. Transport ***

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13
Q

what is required for transformed material to remain in pop?

A
  1. OofR
  2. Stable Integration
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14
Q

What is conjugation?

A

plasmid transfer via conjugative/self-transmissable plasmid

conjugative plasmid contains all the info needed for self transfer

many are promiscuous (transfer between species)

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15
Q

promiscuous plasmids

A
  • can be transferred among different species
  • many carrying AB resistance have been found in hospital settings
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16
Q

Steps of Conjugation

A
  • between F+ (donor) and F- cells (recipient)
  • Conjugation pilus -> conjugation bridge
  • F factor replicated and transfered to F-, which becomes F+

F+/F- refers to presence of F factor.

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17
Q

Bacteriophage

A

virus that infects bacteria

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18
Q

Lytic Cycle

(of bacteriophage)

A
  1. DNA injected in cytoplasm
  2. replication
  3. protein expression
  4. phage assemly
  5. cell lysis
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19
Q

Lysogenic Infection

(of bacteriophage)

A
  • integration as prophage
  • dormancy
  • then enters lytic cycle as some point
20
Q

Temperate Phages

A

can integrate into the genome
(lysogeny) or can go through a lytic cycle.

21
Q

Lysogen

A

strain of bacterium that harbors a prophage

NOT the virus, it is the bacterium

22
Q

What is transduction?

in context of b-phage

A
  • Movement of DNA from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage
  • can introduce novel virulence factors to bacterial genome

transductant- A bacterium that received DNA from another bacterium by transduction.

23
Q

Generalized vs Specialized Transduction

A

generalized- any gene can be transferred btw bacteria

specialized only genes adjacent to prophage in donor cell can be transferred

24
Q

Mechanims of Genetic Variation in bacteria

summary slide

A
  1. mutations
  2. Horizontal Transfer (Transformation, conjugation, transduction)
  3. Transposition
25
Q

Transposition

A

the process by which a transposon moves from a donor
DNA to a target or recipient DNA

transposon will reside in new place afterwards??

transposase
insertion sequences- most simple

26
Q

Insertion Sequences

A
  1. named with a number and letter (ex: IS1, IS2, IS5, IS50R)
  2. target site often non-specific/ random

simple transposon

27
Q

complex transposon

A

The more complex transposons contain antibiotic resistance genes or
virulence genes

28
Q
A
29
Q
A
30
Q
A
31
Q

what is a primary pathogen?

A

Organism causing disease in an otherwise healthy host

32
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

It causes infection in individuals who have impaired immune systems or when it has access to a body site in which it does not not normally reside

33
Q

Exogenous infection

A

from the environment

34
Q

Endogenous infection

A

from our microbiota

35
Q

Entry of pathogen

A
  1. skin
  2. respiratory
  3. GI
  4. genitourinary
36
Q

attachment of pathogen

A

The pathogen uses molecules on its surface to attach to receptors in the host
cell (cell or tissue)

can cause localized or systemic inf.

37
Q

Evasion of Host Defenses

A
38
Q

Damage to Host Tissue

A

Damage can be caused by the pathogen and the immune host response

note the two sources of damage

39
Q

Steps in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases

A
40
Q

Periods in the course of an infectious disease

A

The prodromal stage refers to the period after incubation and before the characteristic symptoms of infection occur. People can also transmit infections during the prodromal stage. During this stage, the infectious agent continues replicating, which triggers the body’s immune response and mild, nonspecific symptoms.

41
Q

Prodromal Stage

A
  1. after incubation and before the characteristic symptoms
  2. can transmit during this stage

During this stage, the infectious agent continues replicating, which triggers the body’s immune response and mild, nonspecific symptoms.

42
Q

Microbial multiplication and clinical manifestations of disease

graph

A
  1. must exceed a certain threshold (blue line)
  2. Function of virulence of pathogen and **host physioological state **
43
Q

Types of Infectious Diseases

A
  1. Acute
  2. Chronic
  3. Latent
  4. Subclinical
44
Q

Phenotypes of Virulence

A

examples
1. toxins
2. adhesions
3. capsule
4. exoenzymes ((hyaluronidase, collagenase, proteases, etc.)

45
Q
A

C. capsule?

Microbiology (5 decks)

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