BACTERIAL GENETICS - ANTIPALA DISCUSSION NOTES

Question 1

genetic information in the cell

Answer 1

Genome

Question 2

involves all characteristics, structure of cell wall

Answer 2

Genome

Question 3

segments in DNA

Answer 3

Genes

Question 4

specific sequences

Answer 4

Genes

Question 5

codes for all the info for all

Answer 5

Genotype

Question 6

particular characteristics of the organism

Answer 6

Genotype

Question 7

actual and expressed property

Answer 7

Phenotype

Question 8

manifestation of the genotype

Answer 8

Phenotype

Question 9

allows the flow of genetic information from one

generation to another

Answer 9

DNA REPLICATION

Question 10

synthesis of duplicate DNA initiated by the parent

molecule

Answer 10

DNA REPLICATION

Question 11

DNA unwinds and the strand separate

Answer 11

INITIATION

Question 12

each strand can act as a TEMPLATE

Answer 12

INITIATION

Question 13

each strand can act as a TEMPLATE

Answer 13

INITIATION

Question 14

Helicase

Answer 14

INITIATION

Question 15

replicates in a SEMICONSERVATIVE MANNER

Answer 15

INITIATION

Question 16

synthesis of new polynucleotide strand of DNA for each

old strand

Answer 16

ELONGATION

Question 17

DNA POLYMERASE

Answer 17

ELONGATION

Question 18

bidirectional

Answer 18

DNA REPLICATION: BACTERIA

Question 19

two replication forks move in opposite directions away

from the origin

Answer 19

DNA REPLICATION: BACTERIA

Question 20

synthesis of the complementary strand of RNA from

DNA template

Answer 20

TRANSCRIPTION

Question 21

binds to the PROMOTER in one strand of the

DNA onlY

Answer 21

RNA Polymerase

Question 22

RNA Polymerase direction

Answer 22

5’ – 3’ direction

Question 23

RNA Polymerase stops at the

Answer 23

TERMINATOR

Question 24

decoding of nucleic acids coded as CODONS in mRNA

Answer 24

TRANSLATION

Question 25

codon sequence =

Answer 25

amino acid sequence

Question 26

Types of codons:

Answer 26

Sense codons | Non-sense codons

Question 27

code for amino acids; do not code for amino acids

Answer 27

Sense codons; Non-sense/Stop codons

Question 28

ROLE OF RIBOSOME

Answer 28

Direct orderly binding of tRNA to codons | Assemble amino acids into a chain

Question 29

DNA TRANSLATION: BACTERIA AUG codes for [?] instead of METHIONINE

Answer 29

FORMYLMETHIONINE

Question 30

carries the coded information for making specific proteins from DNA to ribosomes

Answer 30

MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)

Question 31

Adenine is paired with Uracil instead of Thymine

Answer 31

MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)

Question 32

“reads” the codons on mRNA

Answer 32

TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)

Question 33

Recognizes the specific codons

Answer 33

TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)

Question 34

Transport amino acids

Answer 34

TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)

Question 35

has anticodons; Sequence of bases complementary to each codon at one end while carrying an amino acid

Answer 35

TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)

Question 36

MUTATION

Answer 36

```  Base Substitution  Missense Mutation  Non-Sense Mutation  Frameshift Mutation  Spontaneous Mutatio ```

Question 37

transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another

Answer 37

Genetic exchange

Question 38

unidirectional transfer

Answer 38

Genetic exchange

Question 39

incorporation of newly acquired genes to the chromosome of the recipient cell

Answer 39

Genetic recombination

Question 40

transfer via cell to cell contact

Answer 40

CONJUGATION

Question 41

direct tranfer of DNA

Answer 41

CONJUGATION

Question 42

mediated by the F-factor

Answer 42

CONJUGATION

Question 43

2 STATES OF PLASMID

Answer 43

1. ) FREE STATE: F+ cell | 2. ) INTEGRATED STATE: Hfr cell

Question 44

"High Frequency of Recombination"

Answer 44

INTEGRATED STATE: Hfr cell

Question 45

TYPES OF CONJUGATION

Answer 45

1. ) F+ Cell x F- Cell conjugation | 2. ) HFR Cell S F+ Cell conjugation

Question 46

STEPS IN: 1.) F+ Cell x F- Cell conjugation

Answer 46

1. Attachment of sex pilus to the recipient cell 2. Replication of F-Factor and transfer to recipient cell 3. Sepration of 2 cells 4. sex pilus breaks

Question 47

F factor replication is also known as

Answer 47

"rolling circle mechanism"

Question 48

STEPS IN: 2.) HFR Cell S F+ Cell conjugation

Answer 48

1. Attachment of 2 cells 2. Replication and transfer of BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME 3. Recombination 4. Donor hrf cell

Question 49

TRANSFORMATION is also known as

Answer 49

"DNA scavenging"

Question 50

uptake of free/naked DNA

Answer 50

TRANSFORMATION

Question 51

DNA from lysed bacteria

Answer 51

TRANSFORMATION

Question 52

Competent recipient - ability to take up DNA

Answer 52

TRANSFORMATION

Question 53

Competent recipient is also known as

Answer 53

"TRANSFORMANT"

Question 54

FACTORS AFFECTING COMPETENCY

Answer 54

1. ) RELATEDNESS OF SPECIES | 2. ) INCREASED MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY

Question 55

Experimented on S. pneumniae

Answer 55

FREDERICK GRIFFITH

Question 56

occuring as encapsulated and uncapsulated

Answer 56

S. pneumniae

Question 57

"BACTERIOPHAGE-MEDIATED"

Answer 57

TRANSDUCTION

Question 58

carrries chromosomal DNA in transduction

Answer 58

VIRUS

Question 59

has core and coat; DNA or RNA

Answer 59

"BATERIOPHAGE"

Question 60

TYPES OF TRANSDUCTION

Answer 60

GENERALIZED TRANSDUCTION; SPECIALIZED TRANSDUCTION

Question 61

cause bacterial lysis; initiates the lytic cycle

Answer 61

VIRULENT PHAGES

Question 62

PHASES OF GT

Answer 62

1. injection of virus DNA 2. maturation of the phages 3. lysis of host cell

Question 63

PHAGES FOR GENERALIZED TRANSDUCTION

Answer 63

VIRULENT PHAGES

Question 64

PHAGES FOR SECIALIZED TRANSDUCTION

Answer 64

TEMPERATE PHAGES

Question 65

STABLE relationship with bacteria; "LYSOGENY"

Answer 65

TEMPERATE PHAGES

Question 66

Application of LYSOGENY

Answer 66

```  erythrogenic toxin  diptheria toxin  botulinum toxin  not every DNA can be packaged specialized transducing particle injection then recombination ```