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Immuno > Bacterial Genetics > Flashcards

Bacterial Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of horizontal transfer?

A

Transformation, conjugation, transduction

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2
Q

What is Transformation?

A

incorporation of free DNA into the chromosome by homologous replication

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3
Q

What are the organisms that competent to allow for transformation to occur?

A

S. pneumoniae
H. influenza
Bacillus
Neisseria

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4
Q

What are prophages?

A

temperate phages integrated into chromosomes

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5
Q

What are episomes ?

A

plasmids integrated into chromosomes

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6
Q

What is conjugation?

A

transfer of information by cell to cell contact

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7
Q

tra operon

A

fertility factor

indicates that cell is male

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8
Q

ori T

A

place where the break is made

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9
Q

ori V

A

place where the replication fork is made

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10
Q

Integration site

A

area of homology that matches virus and chromosome allowing them to combine

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11
Q

What are the types of bacterial mating cells

A

F-, F+, Hfr

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12
Q

What are F- cells ?

A

lack fertility factor
are the recipients of genetic information
( = female)

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13
Q

What are F+ cells ?

A

have a fertility factor
donors of genetic information
(=male)

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14
Q

What are Hfr cells?

A

high frequency recombination cells

have fertility factors within chromosome

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15
Q

What is conjugal bridge ?

A

Hfr to F-

material that is transferred is anything close to the ori T

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16
Q

What is transduction?

A

transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another

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17
Q

What are the two forms of transduction?

A

Generalized

specialized

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18
Q

What are the types of generalized transduction?

A

lytic phage life cycle

accident of generalized transduction

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19
Q

The lytic phage life cycle

A

can be lytic- virulent or lysogenic - temperate

  1. binds to bacterial cell
  2. destruction of bacterial DNA
  3. virus uses machinery to replicate
  4. release new phages
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20
Q

The accident of generalized transduction

A

is the bacterial materials that enter the phage head instead of virus

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21
Q

The temperate phage life cycle

A
  1. DNA is injected
  2. site specific recombination adds materials
  3. phage repressor allows the new integrated materials to stay within the chromosome
  4. Replication of all the materials
22
Q

What is Normal excision?

A

removal of viral material from chromosome by site specific

materials are placed in phage heads

23
Q

The accident of specialized transduction

A

error excision–> some of the viral material is left behind and some chromosomal information leaves in the phage head

24
Q

What are the bacteria that undergo lysogenic conversion?

A 
Labile toxin of ETEC
O antigen of Salmonella 
Verotoxin of EHEC 
Erythrogenic exotoxins of strep pyrogens 
Diptheria toxin 
Cholera toxin 
Botulinum exotoxin 
Shiga toxin
25
Q

What organism undergoes genetic transfer by transformation ?

A

Streptococcus pneumonias

26
Q

What organism undergoes genetic transfer by conjugation?

A

gram negative bacilli

staph aureus

27
Q

What organism undergoes conjugation using non conjugative plasmids via mobilization

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea

28
Q

What organism undergoes genetic transfer by transduction

A

staph aureus

29
Q

What does the Kirby-bauer agar disc diffusion test ?

A

shows the resistance, intermediate, sensitive to the drug

30
Q

What is minimal inhibitory concentration

A

is the point at which there is no growth seen

31
Q

What is minimal bactericidal concentration

A

it is the concentration in which the drug is removed but still does not cause growth

32
Q

What are physical control of infection ?

A

autoclave: steam under pressure –> kills everything
dry heat: 180 for 2 hrs
radiation: thymine dimers in DNA
filtration: High efficiency particulate Air

33
Q

What are the chemical control techniques for infection control?

A 
Nucleic Acid targeting (malachite green, crystal violet)
Protein denaturing agents 
-formaldehyde 
-glutaraldehyde 
-ethylene oxide 
- heavy metals 
- hydrogen peroxide 
-iodine 
-chlorine 
Membrane damaging agents 
-alcohol 
-phenol 
-detergents
34
Q

What organisms are obligate intracellular ?

A

viruses
chlamydia
rickettsia

35
Q

What are the organisms that are IgA proteases?

A

H. influenza
step pneumonia
neisseria gonorrhoea

36
Q

What organisms have capsules?

A 
strep pneumonia 
klebsiella 
h. influenza 
pseudomonas aeruginosa 
neisseria meningitides 
salmonella 
cryptococcus neoformans
37
Q

Homologous Recombination

A

Recombinase A
linear DNA
homologous material switch

38
Q

Site-specific recombination

A

Loop DNA
forms 8
DNA figure 8 twits out into new loop

39
Q

Wiskott - Aldrich syndrome

A

X linked defect in WASp

damage the cytoskeletal signaling

40
Q

Ataxia teleangiectasia

A

ATM protein kinase

41
Q

MHC class 1 deficiency

A

failure of TAP molecules to transport peptide to endoplasmic reticulum

42
Q

Bare lymphocyte syndrome

A

failure of MHC class 2 expression , defects in transcription factors

43
Q

IL2R SCID

A

x- linked defect in common gamma of IL 2 receptor

44
Q

Adenosine deaminase deficiency

A

buildup of toxic product of purine metabolism in lymphocyte precursors

45
Q

RAG gene SCID

A

RAG1 or RAG2 gene nonsense mutations

46
Q

Paraxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

A

defect DAF and MIRL

47
Q

Bruton X- linked agammaglobinemia

A

lack of tyrosine kinase

stopped at pre B

48
Q

What are the vaccines contraindicated in patients with egg allergy?

A

influenza

yellow fever

49
Q

What vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy ?

A

MMR - the rubella component can cause illness and cross the placenta

50
Q

What disease are type II hypersensitive ?

A 
Hemolytic disease of the newborn 
rheumatic fever
Goodpastures syndrome 
transfusion reaction 
autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura 
Graves disease
Myasthenia gravis 
Type 2 diabetes
51
Q

What diseases are type III hypersensitive?

A 
systemic lupus erythematous 
post streptococcal glomerulonephritis 
arghus reaction 
serum sickness 
polyarteritis nodosa
52
Q

What diseases are type IV hypersensitive?

A 
contact dermatitis 
rheumatoid arthritis 
hashimoto thyroiditis 
pernicious anemia 
gullian -barre syndrome 
crohn disease
celiac disease

Immuno (3 decks)

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