Bacterial Genetics Flashcards by SamanthaJoan90 .

What are the types of horizontal transfer?

Transformation, conjugation, transduction

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What is Transformation?

incorporation of free DNA into the chromosome by homologous replication

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What are the organisms that competent to allow for transformation to occur?

S. pneumoniae
H. influenza
Bacillus
Neisseria

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What are prophages?

temperate phages integrated into chromosomes

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What are episomes ?

plasmids integrated into chromosomes

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What is conjugation?

transfer of information by cell to cell contact

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tra operon

fertility factor

indicates that cell is male

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ori T

place where the break is made

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ori V

place where the replication fork is made

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Integration site

area of homology that matches virus and chromosome allowing them to combine

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What are the types of bacterial mating cells

F-, F+, Hfr

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What are F- cells ?

lack fertility factor
are the recipients of genetic information
( = female)

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What are F+ cells ?

have a fertility factor
donors of genetic information
(=male)

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What are Hfr cells?

high frequency recombination cells

have fertility factors within chromosome

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What is conjugal bridge ?

Hfr to F-

material that is transferred is anything close to the ori T

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What is transduction?

transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another

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What are the two forms of transduction?

Generalized

specialized

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What are the types of generalized transduction?

lytic phage life cycle

accident of generalized transduction

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The lytic phage life cycle

can be lytic- virulent or lysogenic - temperate

binds to bacterial cell
destruction of bacterial DNA
virus uses machinery to replicate
release new phages

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The accident of generalized transduction

is the bacterial materials that enter the phage head instead of virus

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The temperate phage life cycle

DNA is injected
site specific recombination adds materials
phage repressor allows the new integrated materials to stay within the chromosome
Replication of all the materials

What is Normal excision?

removal of viral material from chromosome by site specific

materials are placed in phage heads

The accident of specialized transduction

error excision–> some of the viral material is left behind and some chromosomal information leaves in the phage head

What are the bacteria that undergo lysogenic conversion?

Labile toxin of ETEC
O antigen of Salmonella 
Verotoxin of EHEC 
Erythrogenic exotoxins of strep pyrogens 
Diptheria toxin 
Cholera toxin 
Botulinum exotoxin 
Shiga toxin

What organism undergoes genetic transfer by transformation ?

Streptococcus pneumonias

What organism undergoes genetic transfer by conjugation?

gram negative bacilli | staph aureus

What organism undergoes conjugation using non conjugative plasmids via mobilization

Neisseria gonorrhoea

What organism undergoes genetic transfer by transduction

staph aureus

What does the Kirby-bauer agar disc diffusion test ?

shows the resistance, intermediate, sensitive to the drug

What is minimal inhibitory concentration

is the point at which there is no growth seen

What is minimal bactericidal concentration

it is the concentration in which the drug is removed but still does not cause growth

What are physical control of infection ?

autoclave: steam under pressure --> kills everything dry heat: 180 for 2 hrs radiation: thymine dimers in DNA filtration: High efficiency particulate Air

What are the chemical control techniques for infection control?

``` Nucleic Acid targeting (malachite green, crystal violet) Protein denaturing agents -formaldehyde -glutaraldehyde -ethylene oxide - heavy metals - hydrogen peroxide -iodine -chlorine Membrane damaging agents -alcohol -phenol -detergents ```

What organisms are obligate intracellular ?

viruses chlamydia rickettsia

What are the organisms that are IgA proteases?

H. influenza step pneumonia neisseria gonorrhoea

What organisms have capsules?

``` strep pneumonia klebsiella h. influenza pseudomonas aeruginosa neisseria meningitides salmonella cryptococcus neoformans ```

Homologous Recombination

Recombinase A linear DNA homologous material switch

Site-specific recombination

Loop DNA forms 8 DNA figure 8 twits out into new loop

Wiskott - Aldrich syndrome

X linked defect in WASp | damage the cytoskeletal signaling

Ataxia teleangiectasia

ATM protein kinase

MHC class 1 deficiency

failure of TAP molecules to transport peptide to endoplasmic reticulum

Bare lymphocyte syndrome

failure of MHC class 2 expression , defects in transcription factors

IL2R SCID

x- linked defect in common gamma of IL 2 receptor

Adenosine deaminase deficiency

buildup of toxic product of purine metabolism in lymphocyte precursors

RAG gene SCID

RAG1 or RAG2 gene nonsense mutations

Paraxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

defect DAF and MIRL

Bruton X- linked agammaglobinemia

lack of tyrosine kinase | stopped at pre B

What are the vaccines contraindicated in patients with egg allergy?

influenza | yellow fever

What vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy ?

MMR - the rubella component can cause illness and cross the placenta

What disease are type II hypersensitive ?

``` Hemolytic disease of the newborn rheumatic fever Goodpastures syndrome transfusion reaction autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura Graves disease Myasthenia gravis Type 2 diabetes ```

What diseases are type III hypersensitive?

``` systemic lupus erythematous post streptococcal glomerulonephritis arghus reaction serum sickness polyarteritis nodosa ```

What diseases are type IV hypersensitive?

``` contact dermatitis rheumatoid arthritis hashimoto thyroiditis pernicious anemia gullian -barre syndrome crohn disease celiac disease ```