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micro lecture exam 1 pt. 2 > bacterial classification > Flashcards

bacterial classification Flashcards

1
Q

define taxonomy

A

science dealing with the classification of living organisms

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2
Q

deine nomenclature

A

refers to a system where organisms are classified

ex:kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, species

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3
Q

what is the scientific name?

A

genus and species

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4
Q

what are the rules to a binomial system?

A

underline genus and species, capitalize Genus name only, small letter for species name
ex: Escherichia coli (underlined)

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5
Q

what could the nomenclature reflect?

A

name of discoverer, habitat, morphology, physiology of microorganisms

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6
Q

compare and contrast gram (+) bacteria stain and gram (-) bacteria stain

A

gram (+): 1-4% lipid ; destain alcohol(95%) acetone(5%)

gram (-): 10-25% lipid

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7
Q

what is the acid fast staining based on?

A

mycolic acid in cell wall

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8
Q

what is an example of acid fast staining?

A

microbacterium

  • tuberculosis
  • leprosy
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9
Q

what are phototrophs?

A

a mode of obtaining energy (light)

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10
Q

what are chemotrophs?

A

a mode of obtaining energy (energy from chemical reactions)

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11
Q

what are organotrophs?

A

organic proteins

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12
Q

what are lithotrophs?

A

inorganic proteins

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13
Q

what temp do psychrophiles like?

A

“cold loving” 15-20*C

ex: marine bacteria

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14
Q

what temp do mesophiles like?

A

“middle loving” 35-40*C

ex: pathogens

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15
Q

what temp do thermophiles like?

A

“heat loving” 50-60*C

ex: archaeobacteria

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16
Q

how much O2 does aerobic require?

A

16%

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17
Q

how much O2 does microaerophilics require?

A

w/ or w/o, 6-10%

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18
Q

how much O2 does facultative anaerobes require?

A

0-21%

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19
Q

how much O2 does anaerobes require?

A

lack of O2

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20
Q

what is the biochemical/physiological characteristics based on?

A

on the ability of a microbe to synthesize or not synthesize a specific enzyme

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21
Q

what is serology?

A

science that deals with blood serum (antibodies) and immunology

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22
Q

what are antibodies?

A

serum proteins produced by body from exposure to antigens, which bind specifically to those antigens

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23
Q

what are antigens?

A

anything foreign to body and stimulates production of antibodies

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24
Q

what is the purpose of DNA based composition?

A

to determine the % Guanine-Cytosine nitrogen base composition of DNA

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25
Q

what does G pair with? what about A?

A

G-C

A-T

26
Q

what is the theory of DNA base composition?

A

similar organisms have similar genes and therefore similar % G-C ratios

27
Q

what is the purpose of DNA hybridization?

A

to determine the sequences of nucleotide bases

28
Q

what is the theory of DNA hybridization?

A

similar organisms have similar sequences of nucleotide bases

29
Q

what happens when you heat DNA?

A

one type of DNA
complementary DNA strands break apart (denatured)
hydrogen bonds are broken

30
Q

what happens when you cool DNA

A

2 DNA strands re-associate

double helix forms (b/c of complementary base pairing)

31
Q

If 2 organisms are related than the sequences of bases on each DNA molecule will be_____________________

A

complementary to each other and the 2 different DNA molecules re-associate

32
Q

what is bacterial recombination?

A

the exchange of DNA from one bacteria to another through a pili (look @ H diagram on pg 5 packet)

33
Q

what is the theory of bacterial recombination?

A

common to closely related organisms

34
Q

what is r-RNA base sequencing?

A

sequence of r-RNA bases reflect sequence of bases on DNA molecule

35
Q

what is amino acid sequencing?

A

amino acid sequences of the same protein taken from 2 different microbes reflect sequences of bases on the different DNA molecules

36
Q

what is protein analysis?

A

focuses on all proteins of an organism to obtain a protein profile

37
Q

what is fatty acid analysis?

A

analysis of fatty acids in cell wall, cell membrane and as waste products
*similar microbes make up similar fatty acids

38
Q

who came up with the 2 kingdom classification? and what are the 2 kingdoms?

A

Whittaker ; plant and animal kingdom

39
Q

what are the 5 kingdom classification by Whittaker?

A 
kingdom monera/procaryotae 
kingdom protista
kingdom fungi
kingdom plantae
kingdom animalia
40
Q

what is in Whittaker’s kingdom monera?

A

all prokaryotes (eubacteria, archaeobacteria, B-G algae, cyanobacteria

41
Q

what is in Whittaker’s kingdom protista?

A

all unicellular eukaryotes (protozoans and unicellular algae)

42
Q

what is in Whittaker’s kingdom plantae?

A

all mosses, ferns, higher plants

43
Q

what is in Whittaker’s kingdom fungi?

A

all fungi (yeasts and molds)

44
Q

what is in Whittaker’s kingdom animalia?

A

all multicellular, higher animals

45
Q

who modified Whittaker’s 5 kingdoms? And what does he call it?

A

Bergey’s ; Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology: Three Kingfdom Classification (“bible of bacteria”)

46
Q

what are the three kingdoms in Bergey’s manual?

A

Kingdom prokaryotae
kingdom plantae
kingdom animalia

47
Q

what is in Bergey’s kingdom prokaryotae (division 1)?

A

Blue-Green algae/cyanobacteria

48
Q

what is in Bergey’s kingdom prokaryotae (division 2)?

A

bacteria (cyanobacteria and archaeobacteria)

49
Q

what is in Bergey’s kingdom plantae?

A

eukaryotes

  • fungi (molds and yeasts)
  • true algae
50
Q

what is in Bergey’s kingdom animalia?

A

eukaryotes

-protozoans (unicellular animals)

51
Q

what doesn’t belong to ANY kingdom?

A

viruses

52
Q

what consists of division 1 of Bergey’s prokaryotae kingdom?

A
  • aerobic
  • photosynthetic app.= thylakoids
  • photosynthetic pigment= chlorophyll a
  • lipids and r-RNA are similar to eubacteria
  • binary fission, fragmentation
  • heterocyst- allow for nitrogen fixation
53
Q

what consists of division 2 (Eubacteria) of Bergey’s prokaryotae kingdom?

A
  • has peptidoglycan
  • lipids and r-RNA is similar to B-G algae/cyanobacteria
  • binary fission
  • spores (bacillus-aerobic and clostridium-anaerobic)
54
Q

what consists of division 2 (Photosynthetic bacteria only) of Bergey’s prokaryotae kingdom?

A
  • anaerobic
  • photosynthetic app=chromatophores
  • photosynthetic pigment=bacteriochlorophyll
  • release CO2
55
Q

what consists of division 2 (Archaeobaceria- Primitive) of Bergey’s prokaryotae kingdom?

A
  • no peptidoglycan
  • lipids and r-RNA are diff. from eubacteria or cyanobacteria
  • habitat is adverse/harsh
56
Q

DNA molecules and RNA molecules are similar in what way?

A

both have nitrogen bases

57
Q

what is an example of a biochemical test?

A

starch test
starch -amylase-> 1,000’s of glucose = pos test
no amylase = neg test

58
Q

what is made to make RNA? what is used to make proteins?

A

DNA is used to make RNA, RNA is used to make proteins

59
Q

what are the 2 approaches to bacterial classification?

A

classical and numerical taxonomy

60
Q

which approach to bacterial classification is biased? unbiased?

A

classical approach is biased, numerical taxonomy is unbiased

micro lecture exam 1 pt. 2 (1 decks)

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