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Bacterial Classification Flashcards

1
Q

What conditions do gram positives prefer?

A

Dry + Salty

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2
Q

What conditions do gram negatives prefer? Why?

A

Wet isotonic conditions bc the outside cell membrane is very susceptible to drying out

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3
Q

General speaking, the body becomes ? as you move down

A

Wetter

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4
Q

Which organs are “wettish”?

A

Brain + Lungs?

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5
Q

Under what conditions do the lungs get wetter?

A

Disease, old age, intubation

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6
Q

Where do gram negative cocci tend to invade?

A

Lungs and up

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7
Q

Where do gram negative bacilli tend to invade?

A

Lungs down

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8
Q

What are the 4 main gram negative aerobic cocci?

A

Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis and Neisseria gonorrhea

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9
Q

What does Neisseria Meningitidis cause?

A

Meningitis

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10
Q

What does Haemophilus influenza cause?

A

Meningitis, otitis media, sinusitis, laryngitis and pneumonia

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11
Q

What does Moraxella catarrhalis cause?

A

otitis media, sinusitis, laryngitis + pneumonia

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12
Q

What does Neisseria gonorrhea cause?

A

Penis/vagina infection

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13
Q

What are the gram-negative aerobic cocci causes of meningitis?

A

Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenza

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14
Q

What are the gram-negative aerobic cocci causes of otitis media?

A

Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis

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15
Q

What are the gram-negative aerobic cocci causes of sinusitis and laryngitis?

A

Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis

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16
Q

What are the gram-negative aerobic cocci causes of pneumonia?

A

Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis

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17
Q

What are the gram-negative aerobic cocci causes of penis/vagina infections?

A

Neisseria gonorrhea

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18
Q

What are the most common aerobic gram-negative bacilli organisms?

A

E. coli; Klebsiella; Intrinsically resistant organisms - “ampC producers”

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19
Q

What acronym is used for nosocomial bacteria?

A

SPA

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20
Q

What does SPA stand for?

A

Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter

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21
Q

What are the 3 most common nosocomial aerobic gram negative bacilli bacterias?

A

Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter

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22
Q

What aerobic gram negative bacilli organisms are associated with cat bites?

A

Pasteurella

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23
Q

What aerobic gram negative bacilli organisms are associated with dog bites?

A

Pasteurella, Capnocytophaga

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24
Q

What aerobic gram negative bacilli organisms are associated with human bites?

A

Eikinella

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25
Q

What is the acronym for aerobic gram negative bacilli that cause gastroenteritis?

A

Very SSPACEY

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26
Q

What are the 8 aerobic gram negative bacilli associated with gastroenteritis?

A

Vibrio ; Salmonella ; Shigella; Plesiomonas; Aeromonas ; Campylobacter; E. coli ; Yersina

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27
Q

What aerobic gram negative bacilli cause bacterial vaginosis?

A

Gardnerella

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28
Q

Which gram negative aerobic bacilli cause liver, kidney/bladder, and gut infections?

A

E.coli ; Klebsiella and ampC producers

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29
Q

What acronym is used for gram negative aerobic bacilli that are intrinsically resistant/amp C producers?

A

SPICEY HAM

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30
Q

What are the aerobic gram negative bacilli that are intrinsically resistant/amp C producers?

A

Serratia; Providencia; Indole positive proteus (P. vulgaris); Citrobacter; Enternobacter; Yersinia; Hafnia; Acinetobacter; Morganella

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31
Q

How do ampC producers confer resistance?

A

Ninja security guards -> Beta lactamases (cut up antibiotics)

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32
Q

How do you determine if an organism metabolizes lactose? What is a positive result?

A

MacConkey Agar; Turns pink

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33
Q

What is the acronym for gram negative bacilli that ferment lactose?

A

SEEK Cheese

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34
Q

What are the 5 organisms that metabolize lactose?

A

Serratia, E.coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella + Citrobacter

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35
Q

Which ampC producers are also commonly found at hospitals?

A

Citrobacter, enterobacter, and acinetobacter

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36
Q

Which bacteria are aerobic gram positive cocci in clumps?

A

Staphylococcus

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37
Q

Which bacteria are aerobic gram positive cocci in chains?

A

streptococcus and enterococcus

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38
Q

Neisseria meningitidis are

A

Gram negative aerobic cocci

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39
Q

Haemophilus influenza are

A

Gram negative aerobic cocci

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40
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis are

A

Gram negative aerobic cocci

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41
Q

Neisseria gonorrhea are

A

Gram negative aerobic cocci

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42
Q

E.coli are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli

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43
Q

Klebsiella are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli

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44
Q

ampC producers are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli

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45
Q

Stenotrophomonas are

A

Nosocomial gram negative aerobic bacilli

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46
Q

Pseudomonas are

A

Nosocomial gram negative aerobic bacilli

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47
Q

Acinetobacter are

A

Nosocomial gram negative aerobic bacilli

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48
Q

Pasturella are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli from cat and dog bites

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49
Q

Capnocytophagia are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli from dog bites

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50
Q

Eikinella are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli from human bites

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51
Q

Vibrio are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that cause gastroenteritis

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52
Q

Salmonella are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that cause gastroenteritis

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53
Q

Shigella are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that cause gastroenteritis

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54
Q

Plesiomonas are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that cause gastroenteritis

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55
Q

Aeromonas are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that cause gastroenteritis

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56
Q

Campylobacter are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that cause gastroenteritis

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57
Q

E. coli are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that cause gastroenteritis

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58
Q

Serratia are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections

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59
Q

Providencia are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections

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60
Q

Indole positive proteus (P.vulgaris) are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections

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61
Q

Citrobacter are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections

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62
Q

Enterobacter are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections

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63
Q

Yersinia are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections (gastroenteritis as well)

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64
Q

Hafnia are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections

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65
Q

Acinetobacter are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections

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66
Q

Morganella are

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections

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67
Q

What forms clumps in the context of the catalase test?

A

Catalase positive aerobic gram positive cocci - Staphylococcus

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68
Q

What forms chains in the context of the catalase test?

A

Catalase negative aerobic gram positive cocci - Streptococci and Enterococcus

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69
Q

What is the ID of the bacteria that is coagulase positive?

A

S. aureus - gram positive aerobic catalase positive cocci

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70
Q

What is the ID of the bacteria that is coagulase negative?

A

CoNS - gram positive aerobic catalase positive cocci

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71
Q

What organism is differentiated using blood agar hemolysis?

A

Streptococci and enterococci

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72
Q

What organisms show beta hemolysis?

A

S. pyogenes (group A strep); S. agalactiae (group B strep) and S. dysgalactiae (group c/g)

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73
Q

What organisms show alpha hemolysis?

A

Viridans group strep

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74
Q

Which organisms are clearly differentiated from from viridians group strep?

A

S. anginosus and S pneumoniae

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75
Q

Which organisms show gamma hemolysis?

A

Enterococcus

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76
Q

What is lancefield grouping used for?

A

Differentiating beta hemolytic streptococci

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77
Q

Group A Strep is

A

S. pyogenes

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78
Q

Group B Strep is

A

S. agalactiae

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79
Q

Describe Group C/G strep

A

a commensal organism of the mouth and a colonizer of the skin and gut

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80
Q

What are the three main categories of gram positive aerobic bacilli?

A

Bacillus, Corynebacterium and Listeria

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81
Q

B. cereus are

A

A gram positive aerobic bacilli belonging to bacillus found in soil

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82
Q

B. anthracis are

A

A gram positive aerobic bacilli belonging to bacillus that secretes toxins that can kill you

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83
Q

C. diphtheriae are

A

A gram positive aerobic bacilli belonging to corynebacterium

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84
Q

Corynebacterium is …. with the exception of

A

A commensal aerobic gram positive bacilli ; C.diptheriae is a pathogen

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85
Q

What is the appearance of bacillus?

A

Large with spores

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86
Q

What is the appearance of listeria?

A

Small bacilli

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87
Q

What is the appearance of corynebacterium?

A

Chinese letters

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88
Q

Dr. Stokes calls anaerobic cocci …

A

Losers

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89
Q

What is the main gram-positive anaerobic cocci?

A

Peptostreptococcus

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90
Q

Peptostreptococcus are

A

Gram positive anaerobic cocci

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91
Q

What is the main gram negative anaerobic cocci?

A

Veilonella

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92
Q

Veilonella are

A

A gram negative anaerobic cocci

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93
Q

What are the main gram negative anaerobic bacilli?

A

Fusobacterium, bacteriodes, prevotella, porphyromonas

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94
Q

Fusobacterium are

A

gram negative anaerobic bacilli

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95
Q

Bacteroides are

A

gram negative anaerobic bacilli

96
Q

Prevotella are

A

gram negative anaerobic bacilli

97
Q

Porphyromonas are

A

gram negative anaerobic bacilli

98
Q

What is the main way to differentiate anaerobic gram positive bacilli?

A

Spore formation

99
Q

What is the main spore forming bacteria?

A

Clostridium spp

100
Q

What are the main non-spore forming bacteria?

A

P. acnes (now C. acnes); Actinomyces; Lactobacillus

101
Q

Clostridium are

A

spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli

102
Q

C. acnes are

A

non-spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli

103
Q

Actinomyces are

A

non-spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli

104
Q

Lactobacillus are

A

Non spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli

105
Q

What are the most important clostridium species?

A

C. perfringens, C. difficile, C. tetani and C. botulism

106
Q

What are the 4 main hints that your patient has an anaerobic infection?

A

Smelly, low oxygen area (ex - lower colon), signs of necrosis and signs of gas

107
Q

What gram positive organisms cause food poisoning?

A

B. cereus, s. aureus and c. perfringens

108
Q

What are the 5 facultative anaerobes?

A

Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, E.coli and Klebsiella

109
Q

What are the 5 strict (obligate) anaerobes?

A

Clostridium sp., prevotella, bacteroides, fus-bacterium and bifidobacterium

110
Q

What are the 2 aerotolerant anaerobes?

A

Lactobacillus and c. acnes

111
Q

What does c. acnes look like?

A

Chinese letters

112
Q

What does actinomycete look like?

A

Filamentous -> clumpy chains (sea urchins)

113
Q

What does fusobacterium look like?

A

Long thin rods (fusiform)

114
Q

What are the three main components of bacterial cell walls?

A

Glycan backbone + NAG + NAM

115
Q

How to gram positives become resistant?

A

Changing their PBP structure

116
Q

How do gram negatives become resistant?

A

Betalactamases (ninjas)

117
Q

What are the 5 steps in the gram stain?

A

Fixation, crystal violet, iodine treatment, decolorization, counter stain with safranin

118
Q

What are the 2 main categories of gram positive cocci?

A

Clumps vs chains

119
Q

What type of bacteria produce gram positive cocci in clumps?

A

Staphylococcus

120
Q

What type of bacteria produce gram positive cocci in chains?

A

Streptococcus and Enterococcus

121
Q

What does the catalase test differentiate?

A

Clumps (positive) vs chains (negative)

122
Q

What does the coagulase test differentiate?

A

S. aureus vs CoNS

123
Q

What is the most common presentation of S. aureus?

A

purulent skin infections

124
Q

What are non-skin related presentations of S. aureus? Explain the mechanism.

A

Food poisoning - production of enterotoxin
Toxic Shock Syndrome - production of toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)

125
Q

What is the resistance mechanism of MRSA?

A

Conversion of PBP2 to PBP2a

126
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of CoNS

A

Sticks to foreign materials (prosthetic joints, valves)

127
Q

What is beta-hemolysis?

A

Full hemolysis (glowey yellow)

128
Q

What is alpha-hemolysis?

A

Partial hemolysis (greeny-grey)

129
Q

What is gamma-hemolysis?

A

No hemolysis (white ish)

130
Q

Which bacteria show beta-hemolysis?

A

S. pyogenes (Group A); S. agalactiae (Group B); S dysgalactiae (Group C/G strep)

131
Q

What bacteria show alpha-hemolysis?

A

Viridans group strep including S. anginosus and S. pneumoniae)

132
Q

Which bacteria show gamma-hemolysis?

A

Enterococcus

133
Q

How do you differentiate by the beta-hemolytic strep?

A

Lancefield grouping

134
Q

What are the basic features of S. pyogenes?

A

Get sick fast, colonizer of the upper airways, easily transmissible

135
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with S. pyogenes?

A

Skin/soft tissue, pharyngitis, postpartum fever, rheumatic fever, toxic shock syndrome

136
Q

What are the basic features of group B strep?

A

Human commensal, one of the few gram positives found in the gut

137
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with S. agalactiae?

A

Neonatal sepsis; invasive infections in diabetic patients

138
Q

What is group A strep?

A

S. pyogenes

139
Q

What is group B strep?

A

S. agalactiae

140
Q

What are the basic features of Group C/G strep?

A

Human commensal of the mouth (cavities); human colonizer of the skin/gut

141
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with Group C/G strep?

A

Uncommon cause of skin/soft tissue infections; clinical presentation similar to Group A strep

142
Q

What are the basic features of viridans group strep?

A

Human commensal of the mouth (can cause cavities); mainly harmless (except S. pneumoniae and S. anginosus)

143
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with VGS?

A

Subacute endocarditis

144
Q

What are the basic features of S. pneumoniae?

A

Colonizer of the upper respiratory tract (mouth, nose); Encapsulated

145
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with S.pneumoniae

A

Pneumonia, meningitis and otitis media

146
Q

What are the basic features of S. anginosus

A

Human commensal of the upper respiratory tract (mouth and nose) and gut

147
Q

What are the clinical syndromes associated with S. anginosus?

A

Look for an abscess; extrovert (only causes infections with its friends the anaerobes)

148
Q

What are the two main enterococcus species?

A

E. faecalis and E. faecium

149
Q

What are the basic features of Enterococci?

A

Commensal of the gut; somewhat resistant

150
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with Enterococci?

A

UTIs, relatively sticky -> don’t want it in the blood esp. with synthetics

151
Q

What features make Enterococci more resistant?

A

Multiple kinds of PBPs, picks up folate from the environment (like humans), Can mutate not only its PBP but also the side chains in the peptidoglycan layer

152
Q

What is special about E. faecium?

A

It has a mutated PBP like MRSA

153
Q

What is VRE?

A

Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus - has a mutated PBP and a mutated side chain

154
Q

What aerobic gram positive cocci cause UTIs?

A

Enterococcus and S. saprophyticus (CoNS)

155
Q

Which aerobic gram-positive cocci cause skin infections?

A

Group A strep (S. pyogenes), Group C/G strep (S. dysgalctaie), S. aureus

156
Q

What is group C/G strep?

A

S. dysgalactiae

157
Q

What aerobic gram-positive cocci are found in the gut?

A

Enterococcus, Group B strep, Group C/G strep (small amounts), S. anginosus

158
Q

What aerobic gram-positive cocci can be found naturally in the upper airway?

A

VGS including S. anginosus; Group C/G strep

159
Q

What aerobic gram-positive cocci can be found naturally on the skin?

160
Q

What should you do if you encounter S. aureus bacteremia?

A

Consult ID!

161
Q

What are the most common gram positive bacilli in the hospital?

A

Corynebacterium or anaerobes

162
Q

What are the basic features of aerobic gram positive bacilli?

A

Produce crazy toxins that can kill you; may produce spores

163
Q

What are the basic features of Bacillus?

A

Aerobic, spore forming, GPB

164
Q

What are the two most important Bacillus species?

A

B. cereus and B. anthracis

165
Q

What are the basic features of B. cereus?

A

Found in soil

166
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with B. cereus?

A

Post traumatic infections (esp of the eyeballs), secrete toxins that cause food poisoning (esp. fried rice)

167
Q

What are the basic features of B. anthracis?

A

Found in diseased animals, secretes deadly toxins

168
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with B. anthracis?

169
Q

What are the basic features of corynebacterium

A

Common skin commensal, mainly non-pathogenic with the exception of C. diphtherie?

170
Q

B. cereus are

A

Spore forming aerobic GPB belonging to Bacillus; pathogenic

171
Q

B. anthrax’s are

A

Spore forming aerobic GPB belonging to Bacillus; pathogenic

172
Q

Corynebacterium are

A

Aerobic GPB; commensal

173
Q

What are the basic features of C. diptheriae

A

Found in soil; transmissible via contact/droplet; we have vaccines!

174
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with C. diphtheriae?

A

Respiratory/cutaneous disease from toxins that destroy organs

175
Q

C. diphtheriae are

A

Aerobic GPB belonging to Corynebacterium; pathogenic

176
Q

What are the basic features of Listeria

A

Found in soil, acquired from contaminated food (can grow in the fridge)

177
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with Listeria?

A

Gastroenteritis in immunocompetent; Meningitis in neonates, elderly, immunocompromised and pregnant women

178
Q

Listeria are

A

Aerobic GPB; pathogenic

179
Q

What do Bacillus sp. look like?

A

Box cars -> big and in little pairs

180
Q

What do corynebacterium look like?

A

Chinese characters

181
Q

What do Listeria look like?

A

Small bacilli

182
Q

What is an important part of the detoxification pathway in aerobic bacteria?

183
Q

What is a normal anaerobic flora of the skin?

A

Propionibacterium

184
Q

What is a normal anaerobic flora of the gut?

A

Peptostreptococcus, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides

185
Q

What is a normal anaerobic flora of the mouth?

A

Actinomyces, Prevotella and Fusobacterium

186
Q

What is a normal anaerobic flora of the UGT?

A

Lactobacillus

187
Q

What are the 4 hints than an infection is caused by anaerobes?

A

Smelly, oxygen poor environment, necrosis, gas

188
Q

What are the loser anaerobes?

189
Q

What is the main gram positive anaerobic cocci?

A

Peptostreptococcus

190
Q

What is the main gram negative anaerobic cocci?

A

Veilonella

191
Q

Peprostreptococcus are

A

Gram positive anaerobic cocci

192
Q

Veilonella are

A

Gram negative anaerobic cocci

193
Q

What are the 4 main gram negative anaerobic bacilli?

A

Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Prevotela and Porphyromonas

194
Q

What are the two main species of Fusobacterium?

A

F. nucleatum and F. necrophorum

195
Q

Fusobacterium are

A

Anaerobic gram negative bacilli

196
Q

F. nucleatum are

A

Anaerobic gram negative bacilli

197
Q

F. necrophorum are

A

Anaerobic gram negative bacilli

198
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with Fusiform bacteria?

A

Anaerobic infections of the upper airway

199
Q

Bacteroides are

A

Anaerobic gram negative bacilli

200
Q

Prevotella are

A

Anaerobic gram negative bacilli

201
Q

Porphyromonas are

A

Anaerobic gram negative bacilli

202
Q

What are the main organisms associated with anaerobic gut infections?

A

Bacteroides, Prevotella and Porphyromonas

203
Q

What are the two main classifications of anaerobic gram positive bacilli?

A

Spore forming vs no spores

204
Q

What is the main group of spore forming bacteria?

A

Clostridium

205
Q

C. perfringens are

A

spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacteria

206
Q

C. difficile are

A

spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacteria

207
Q

C. tetani are

A

spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacteria

208
Q

C. botulinum are

A

spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacteria

209
Q

What are the basic features of Clostridium spp.

A

Spore forming, strict anaerobes that are found in the environment and produce toxins that kill you

210
Q

What are the basic features of C. perfringens?

A

Human commensal in the gut

211
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with C. perfringens?

A

Enterotoxin -> food poisoning of meats + poultry
Alpha toxin -> gas gangrene

212
Q

What are the basic features of C. difficile?

A

Found in soil; nosocomial pathogen; needs extra cleaning to kill spores; proliferates in the presence of antibiotics

213
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with C. difficile?

A

Makes toxins A + B which cause massive inflammation of the large intestine causing it to burst

214
Q

What is the mechanism of C. tetani?

A

Toxin of the CNS that inhibits inhibitory neurons

215
Q

What is the mechanism of C. botulism?

A

Toxin of the PNS that inhibits neurons that tell the body to move

216
Q

Where are C. tetani and C. botulism found?

217
Q

What are the main non-spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli?

A

C. acnes, Actinomyces and Lactobacillus

218
Q

C/P. acnes are

A

non-spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli

219
Q

Lactobacillus are

A

non-spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli

220
Q

Actinomyces are

A

non-spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli

221
Q

What are the basic features of Lactobacillus?

A

Human commensal of the gut/vagina, aerotolerant, common in probiotics, rarely pathogenic

222
Q

What are the basic features of Actinomyces?

A

Human commensal of the upper airways, gut and vagina; mostly facultative anaerobes but main one is a strict anaerobe

223
Q

What does Actinomyces look like?

A

Clumpy + filamentous

224
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with Actinomyces? Which species causes it?

A

Actinomycosis caused by A. israelii -> described as sulfur granules

225
Q

A. Israelii are

A

Non spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli

226
Q

What are the basic features of C. acnes?

A

Human commensal of the skin that causes acne; aerotolerant

227
Q

What does C. acnes look like?

A

Corynebacterium (chinese letters)

228
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with C. acnes?

A

Similar to CoNS; seems to target artificial shoulder joints

229
Q

When do bacteria produce spores?

A

Under unfavourable conditions

230
Q

What are 5 things spores are resistant to?

A

Time, hand sanitizer, boiling, dehydration and radiation

231
Q

What gram positive organisms cause food poisoning?

A

B. cereus, S. aureus, C. perfringens

232
Q

How is food poisoning different from gastroenteritis?

A

Ingest the toxins not the organism -> faster onset (<6 hours) because the organism doesn’t have to grow

233
Q

Whare are 5 facultative anaerobes?

A

Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, E.coli and Klebsiella

234
Q

What are 5 strict anaerobes?

A

Clostridium, Prevotella, Bacreroides, Fusobacterium and Bifidobacterium

235
Q

What are 2 aerotolerant anaerobes?

A

Lactobacillus and C. acnes

236
Q

What is the genus of C. acnes?

A

Cutibacterium

Bacteria (2 decks)

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