Bacterial Classification Flashcards
1
Q
What conditions do gram positives prefer?
A
Dry + Salty
2
Q
What conditions do gram negatives prefer? Why?
A
Wet isotonic conditions bc the outside cell membrane is very susceptible to drying out
3
Q
General speaking, the body becomes ? as you move down
A
Wetter
4
Q
Which organs are “wettish”?
A
Brain + Lungs?
5
Q
Under what conditions do the lungs get wetter?
A
Disease, old age, intubation
6
Q
Where do gram negative cocci tend to invade?
A
Lungs and up
7
Q
Where do gram negative bacilli tend to invade?
A
Lungs down
8
Q
What are the 4 main gram negative aerobic cocci?
A
Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis and Neisseria gonorrhea
9
Q
What does Neisseria Meningitidis cause?
A
Meningitis
10
Q
What does Haemophilus influenza cause?
A
Meningitis, otitis media, sinusitis, laryngitis and pneumonia
11
Q
What does Moraxella catarrhalis cause?
A
otitis media, sinusitis, laryngitis + pneumonia
12
Q
What does Neisseria gonorrhea cause?
A
Penis/vagina infection
13
Q
What are the gram-negative aerobic cocci causes of meningitis?
A
Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenza
14
Q
What are the gram-negative aerobic cocci causes of otitis media?
A
Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis
15
Q
What are the gram-negative aerobic cocci causes of sinusitis and laryngitis?
A
Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis
16
Q
What are the gram-negative aerobic cocci causes of pneumonia?
A
Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis
17
Q
What are the gram-negative aerobic cocci causes of penis/vagina infections?
A
Neisseria gonorrhea
18
Q
What are the most common aerobic gram-negative bacilli organisms?
A
E. coli; Klebsiella; Intrinsically resistant organisms - “ampC producers”
19
Q
What acronym is used for nosocomial bacteria?
A
SPA
20
Q
What does SPA stand for?
A
Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter
21
Q
What are the 3 most common nosocomial aerobic gram negative bacilli bacterias?
A
Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter
22
Q
What aerobic gram negative bacilli organisms are associated with cat bites?
A
Pasteurella
23
Q
What aerobic gram negative bacilli organisms are associated with dog bites?
A
Pasteurella, Capnocytophaga
24
Q
What aerobic gram negative bacilli organisms are associated with human bites?
A
Eikinella
25
What is the acronym for aerobic gram negative bacilli that cause gastroenteritis?
Very SSPACEY
26
What are the 8 aerobic gram negative bacilli associated with gastroenteritis?
Vibrio ; Salmonella ; Shigella; Plesiomonas; Aeromonas ; Campylobacter; E. coli ; Yersina
27
What aerobic gram negative bacilli cause bacterial vaginosis?
Gardnerella
28
Which gram negative aerobic bacilli cause liver, kidney/bladder, and gut infections?
E.coli ; Klebsiella and ampC producers
29
What acronym is used for gram negative aerobic bacilli that are intrinsically resistant/amp C producers?
SPICEY HAM
30
What are the aerobic gram negative bacilli that are intrinsically resistant/amp C producers?
Serratia; Providencia; Indole positive proteus (P. vulgaris); Citrobacter; Enternobacter; Yersinia; Hafnia; Acinetobacter; Morganella
31
How do ampC producers confer resistance?
Ninja security guards -> Beta lactamases (cut up antibiotics)
32
How do you determine if an organism metabolizes lactose? What is a positive result?
MacConkey Agar; Turns pink
33
What is the acronym for gram negative bacilli that ferment lactose?
SEEK Cheese
34
What are the 5 organisms that metabolize lactose?
Serratia, E.coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella + Citrobacter
35
Which ampC producers are also commonly found at hospitals?
Citrobacter, enterobacter, and acinetobacter
36
Which bacteria are aerobic gram positive cocci in clumps?
Staphylococcus
37
Which bacteria are aerobic gram positive cocci in chains?
streptococcus and enterococcus
38
Neisseria meningitidis are
Gram negative aerobic cocci
39
Haemophilus influenza are
Gram negative aerobic cocci
40
Moraxella catarrhalis are
Gram negative aerobic cocci
41
Neisseria gonorrhea are
Gram negative aerobic cocci
42
E.coli are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli
43
Klebsiella are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli
44
ampC producers are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli
45
Stenotrophomonas are
Nosocomial gram negative aerobic bacilli
46
Pseudomonas are
Nosocomial gram negative aerobic bacilli
47
Acinetobacter are
Nosocomial gram negative aerobic bacilli
48
Pasturella are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli from cat and dog bites
49
Capnocytophagia are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli from dog bites
50
Eikinella are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli from human bites
51
Vibrio are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that cause gastroenteritis
52
Salmonella are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that cause gastroenteritis
53
Shigella are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that cause gastroenteritis
54
Plesiomonas are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that cause gastroenteritis
55
Aeromonas are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that cause gastroenteritis
56
Campylobacter are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that cause gastroenteritis
57
E. coli are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that cause gastroenteritis
58
Serratia are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections
59
Providencia are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections
60
Indole positive proteus (P.vulgaris) are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections
61
Citrobacter are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections
62
Enterobacter are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections
63
Yersinia are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections (gastroenteritis as well)
64
Hafnia are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections
65
Acinetobacter are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections
66
Morganella are
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are ampC producers and cause liver, kidney, bladder and gut infections
67
What forms clumps in the context of the catalase test?
Catalase positive aerobic gram positive cocci - Staphylococcus
68
What forms chains in the context of the catalase test?
Catalase negative aerobic gram positive cocci - Streptococci and Enterococcus
69
What is the ID of the bacteria that is coagulase positive?
S. aureus - gram positive aerobic catalase positive cocci
70
What is the ID of the bacteria that is coagulase negative?
CoNS - gram positive aerobic catalase positive cocci
71
What organism is differentiated using blood agar hemolysis?
Streptococci and enterococci
72
What organisms show beta hemolysis?
S. pyogenes (group A strep); S. agalactiae (group B strep) and S. dysgalactiae (group c/g)
73
What organisms show alpha hemolysis?
Viridans group strep
74
Which organisms are clearly differentiated from from viridians group strep?
S. anginosus and S pneumoniae
75
Which organisms show gamma hemolysis?
Enterococcus
76
What is lancefield grouping used for?
Differentiating beta hemolytic streptococci
77
Group A Strep is
S. pyogenes
78
Group B Strep is
S. agalactiae
79
Describe Group C/G strep
a commensal organism of the mouth and a colonizer of the skin and gut
80
What are the three main categories of gram positive aerobic bacilli?
Bacillus, Corynebacterium and Listeria
81
B. cereus are
A gram positive aerobic bacilli belonging to bacillus found in soil
82
B. anthracis are
A gram positive aerobic bacilli belonging to bacillus that secretes toxins that can kill you
83
C. diphtheriae are
A gram positive aerobic bacilli belonging to corynebacterium
84
Corynebacterium is .... with the exception of
A commensal aerobic gram positive bacilli ; C.diptheriae is a pathogen
85
What is the appearance of bacillus?
Large with spores
86
What is the appearance of listeria?
Small bacilli
87
What is the appearance of corynebacterium?
Chinese letters
88
Dr. Stokes calls anaerobic cocci ...
Losers
89
What is the main gram-positive anaerobic cocci?
Peptostreptococcus
90
Peptostreptococcus are
Gram positive anaerobic cocci
91
What is the main gram negative anaerobic cocci?
Veilonella
92
Veilonella are
A gram negative anaerobic cocci
93
What are the main gram negative anaerobic bacilli?
Fusobacterium, bacteriodes, prevotella, porphyromonas
94
Fusobacterium are
gram negative anaerobic bacilli
95
Bacteroides are
gram negative anaerobic bacilli
96
Prevotella are
gram negative anaerobic bacilli
97
Porphyromonas are
gram negative anaerobic bacilli
98
What is the main way to differentiate anaerobic gram positive bacilli?
Spore formation
99
What is the main spore forming bacteria?
Clostridium spp
100
What are the main non-spore forming bacteria?
P. acnes (now C. acnes); Actinomyces; Lactobacillus
101
Clostridium are
spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli
102
C. acnes are
non-spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli
103
Actinomyces are
non-spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli
104
Lactobacillus are
Non spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli
105
What are the most important clostridium species?
C. perfringens, C. difficile, C. tetani and C. botulism
106
What are the 4 main hints that your patient has an anaerobic infection?
Smelly, low oxygen area (ex - lower colon), signs of necrosis and signs of gas
107
What gram positive organisms cause food poisoning?
B. cereus, s. aureus and c. perfringens
108
What are the 5 facultative anaerobes?
Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, E.coli and Klebsiella
109
What are the 5 strict (obligate) anaerobes?
Clostridium sp., prevotella, bacteroides, fus-bacterium and bifidobacterium
110
What are the 2 aerotolerant anaerobes?
Lactobacillus and c. acnes
111
What does c. acnes look like?
Chinese letters
112
What does actinomycete look like?
Filamentous -> clumpy chains (sea urchins)
113
What does fusobacterium look like?
Long thin rods (fusiform)
114
What are the three main components of bacterial cell walls?
Glycan backbone + NAG + NAM
115
How to gram positives become resistant?
Changing their PBP structure
116
How do gram negatives become resistant?
Betalactamases (ninjas)
117
What are the 5 steps in the gram stain?
Fixation, crystal violet, iodine treatment, decolorization, counter stain with safranin
118
What are the 2 main categories of gram positive cocci?
Clumps vs chains
119
What type of bacteria produce gram positive cocci in clumps?
Staphylococcus
120
What type of bacteria produce gram positive cocci in chains?
Streptococcus and Enterococcus
121
What does the catalase test differentiate?
Clumps (positive) vs chains (negative)
122
What does the coagulase test differentiate?
S. aureus vs CoNS
123
What is the most common presentation of S. aureus?
purulent skin infections
124
What are non-skin related presentations of S. aureus? Explain the mechanism.
Food poisoning - production of enterotoxin
Toxic Shock Syndrome - production of toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)
125
What is the resistance mechanism of MRSA?
Conversion of PBP2 to PBP2a
126
Describe the pathogenesis of CoNS
Sticks to foreign materials (prosthetic joints, valves)
127
What is beta-hemolysis?
Full hemolysis (glowey yellow)
128
What is alpha-hemolysis?
Partial hemolysis (greeny-grey)
129
What is gamma-hemolysis?
No hemolysis (white ish)
130
Which bacteria show beta-hemolysis?
S. pyogenes (Group A); S. agalactiae (Group B); S dysgalactiae (Group C/G strep)
131
What bacteria show alpha-hemolysis?
Viridans group strep including S. anginosus and S. pneumoniae)
132
Which bacteria show gamma-hemolysis?
Enterococcus
133
How do you differentiate by the beta-hemolytic strep?
Lancefield grouping
134
What are the basic features of S. pyogenes?
Get sick fast, colonizer of the upper airways, easily transmissible
135
What clinical syndromes are associated with S. pyogenes?
Skin/soft tissue, pharyngitis, postpartum fever, rheumatic fever, toxic shock syndrome
136
What are the basic features of group B strep?
Human commensal, one of the few gram positives found in the gut
137
What clinical syndromes are associated with S. agalactiae?
Neonatal sepsis; invasive infections in diabetic patients
138
What is group A strep?
S. pyogenes
139
What is group B strep?
S. agalactiae
140
What are the basic features of Group C/G strep?
Human commensal of the mouth (cavities); human colonizer of the skin/gut
141
What clinical syndromes are associated with Group C/G strep?
Uncommon cause of skin/soft tissue infections; clinical presentation similar to Group A strep
142
What are the basic features of viridans group strep?
Human commensal of the mouth (can cause cavities); mainly harmless (except S. pneumoniae and S. anginosus)
143
What clinical syndromes are associated with VGS?
Subacute endocarditis
144
What are the basic features of S. pneumoniae?
Colonizer of the upper respiratory tract (mouth, nose); Encapsulated
145
What clinical syndromes are associated with S.pneumoniae
Pneumonia, meningitis and otitis media
146
What are the basic features of S. anginosus
Human commensal of the upper respiratory tract (mouth and nose) and gut
147
What are the clinical syndromes associated with S. anginosus?
Look for an abscess; extrovert (only causes infections with its friends the anaerobes)
148
What are the two main enterococcus species?
E. faecalis and E. faecium
149
What are the basic features of Enterococci?
Commensal of the gut; somewhat resistant
150
What clinical syndromes are associated with Enterococci?
UTIs, relatively sticky -> don't want it in the blood esp. with synthetics
151
What features make Enterococci more resistant?
Multiple kinds of PBPs, picks up folate from the environment (like humans), Can mutate not only its PBP but also the side chains in the peptidoglycan layer
152
What is special about E. faecium?
It has a mutated PBP like MRSA
153
What is VRE?
Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus - has a mutated PBP and a mutated side chain
154
What aerobic gram positive cocci cause UTIs?
Enterococcus and S. saprophyticus (CoNS)
155
Which aerobic gram-positive cocci cause skin infections?
Group A strep (S. pyogenes), Group C/G strep (S. dysgalctaie), S. aureus
156
What is group C/G strep?
S. dysgalactiae
157
What aerobic gram-positive cocci are found in the gut?
Enterococcus, Group B strep, Group C/G strep (small amounts), S. anginosus
158
What aerobic gram-positive cocci can be found naturally in the upper airway?
VGS including S. anginosus; Group C/G strep
159
What aerobic gram-positive cocci can be found naturally on the skin?
CoNS
160
What should you do if you encounter S. aureus bacteremia?
Consult ID!
161
What are the most common gram positive bacilli in the hospital?
Corynebacterium or anaerobes
162
What are the basic features of aerobic gram positive bacilli?
Produce crazy toxins that can kill you; may produce spores
163
What are the basic features of Bacillus?
Aerobic, spore forming, GPB
164
What are the two most important Bacillus species?
B. cereus and B. anthracis
165
What are the basic features of B. cereus?
Found in soil
166
What clinical syndromes are associated with B. cereus?
Post traumatic infections (esp of the eyeballs), secrete toxins that cause food poisoning (esp. fried rice)
167
What are the basic features of B. anthracis?
Found in diseased animals, secretes deadly toxins
168
What clinical syndromes are associated with B. anthracis?
Death...
169
What are the basic features of corynebacterium
Common skin commensal, mainly non-pathogenic with the exception of C. diphtherie?
170
B. cereus are
Spore forming aerobic GPB belonging to Bacillus; pathogenic
171
B. anthrax's are
Spore forming aerobic GPB belonging to Bacillus; pathogenic
172
Corynebacterium are
Aerobic GPB; commensal
173
What are the basic features of C. diptheriae
Found in soil; transmissible via contact/droplet; we have vaccines!
174
What clinical syndromes are associated with C. diphtheriae?
Respiratory/cutaneous disease from toxins that destroy organs
175
C. diphtheriae are
Aerobic GPB belonging to Corynebacterium; pathogenic
176
What are the basic features of Listeria
Found in soil, acquired from contaminated food (can grow in the fridge)
177
What clinical syndromes are associated with Listeria?
Gastroenteritis in immunocompetent; Meningitis in neonates, elderly, immunocompromised and pregnant women
178
Listeria are
Aerobic GPB; pathogenic
179
What do Bacillus sp. look like?
Box cars -> big and in little pairs
180
What do corynebacterium look like?
Chinese characters
181
What do Listeria look like?
Small bacilli
182
What is an important part of the detoxification pathway in aerobic bacteria?
Catalase
183
What is a normal anaerobic flora of the skin?
Propionibacterium
184
What is a normal anaerobic flora of the gut?
Peptostreptococcus, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides
185
What is a normal anaerobic flora of the mouth?
Actinomyces, Prevotella and Fusobacterium
186
What is a normal anaerobic flora of the UGT?
Lactobacillus
187
What are the 4 hints than an infection is caused by anaerobes?
Smelly, oxygen poor environment, necrosis, gas
188
What are the loser anaerobes?
Cocci
189
What is the main gram positive anaerobic cocci?
Peptostreptococcus
190
What is the main gram negative anaerobic cocci?
Veilonella
191
Peprostreptococcus are
Gram positive anaerobic cocci
192
Veilonella are
Gram negative anaerobic cocci
193
What are the 4 main gram negative anaerobic bacilli?
Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Prevotela and Porphyromonas
194
What are the two main species of Fusobacterium?
F. nucleatum and F. necrophorum
195
Fusobacterium are
Anaerobic gram negative bacilli
196
F. nucleatum are
Anaerobic gram negative bacilli
197
F. necrophorum are
Anaerobic gram negative bacilli
198
What clinical syndromes are associated with Fusiform bacteria?
Anaerobic infections of the upper airway
199
Bacteroides are
Anaerobic gram negative bacilli
200
Prevotella are
Anaerobic gram negative bacilli
201
Porphyromonas are
Anaerobic gram negative bacilli
202
What are the main organisms associated with anaerobic gut infections?
Bacteroides, Prevotella and Porphyromonas
203
What are the two main classifications of anaerobic gram positive bacilli?
Spore forming vs no spores
204
What is the main group of spore forming bacteria?
Clostridium
205
C. perfringens are
spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacteria
206
C. difficile are
spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacteria
207
C. tetani are
spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacteria
208
C. botulinum are
spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacteria
209
What are the basic features of Clostridium spp.
Spore forming, strict anaerobes that are found in the environment and produce toxins that kill you
210
What are the basic features of C. perfringens?
Human commensal in the gut
211
What clinical syndromes are associated with C. perfringens?
Enterotoxin -> food poisoning of meats + poultry
Alpha toxin -> gas gangrene
212
What are the basic features of C. difficile?
Found in soil; nosocomial pathogen; needs extra cleaning to kill spores; proliferates in the presence of antibiotics
213
What clinical syndromes are associated with C. difficile?
Makes toxins A + B which cause massive inflammation of the large intestine causing it to burst
214
What is the mechanism of C. tetani?
Toxin of the CNS that inhibits inhibitory neurons
215
What is the mechanism of C. botulism?
Toxin of the PNS that inhibits neurons that tell the body to move
216
Where are C. tetani and C. botulism found?
Soil
217
What are the main non-spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli?
C. acnes, Actinomyces and Lactobacillus
218
C/P. acnes are
non-spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli
219
Lactobacillus are
non-spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli
220
Actinomyces are
non-spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli
221
What are the basic features of Lactobacillus?
Human commensal of the gut/vagina, aerotolerant, common in probiotics, rarely pathogenic
222
What are the basic features of Actinomyces?
Human commensal of the upper airways, gut and vagina; mostly facultative anaerobes but main one is a strict anaerobe
223
What does Actinomyces look like?
Clumpy + filamentous
224
What clinical syndromes are associated with Actinomyces? Which species causes it?
Actinomycosis caused by A. israelii -> described as sulfur granules
225
A. Israelii are
Non spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli
226
What are the basic features of C. acnes?
Human commensal of the skin that causes acne; aerotolerant
227
What does C. acnes look like?
Corynebacterium (chinese letters)
228
What clinical syndromes are associated with C. acnes?
Similar to CoNS; seems to target artificial shoulder joints
229
When do bacteria produce spores?
Under unfavourable conditions
230
What are 5 things spores are resistant to?
Time, hand sanitizer, boiling, dehydration and radiation
231
What gram positive organisms cause food poisoning?
B. cereus, S. aureus, C. perfringens
232
How is food poisoning different from gastroenteritis?
Ingest the toxins not the organism -> faster onset (<6 hours) because the organism doesn't have to grow
233
Whare are 5 facultative anaerobes?
Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, E.coli and Klebsiella
234
What are 5 strict anaerobes?
Clostridium, Prevotella, Bacreroides, Fusobacterium and Bifidobacterium
235
What are 2 aerotolerant anaerobes?
Lactobacillus and C. acnes
236
What is the genus of C. acnes?
Cutibacterium
