Bacterial and Viral Vaccines Flashcards
What is the meningococcal vaccine C made from?
β polysaccharide capsule of group C
Why is there no cross protection between the MenC and B vaccine?
β capsular polysaccharides are very different
What type of vaccines are MenC,A,W and Y?
β conjugated polysaccharide accines
Why has a vaccine for group B not been found?
β the outside has sialic acid which is present in most eukaryotic cells
Who has to have the meningitis B vaccine/
β all newborn babies
What does the bexsero vaccine contain?
β Outer membrane vesicles β surface protein of bacteria β factor H binding protein β neisseria heparin binding antigen βNeisseria adhesin A
What are the 3 issues with the bexsero vaccine?
β More reactogenic
β not all serotypes of group B covered
β Β£75 per dose - needs to be Β£20 for cost effectiveness
What are the 3 advantages of the bexsero vaccine?
β some cross protection against MenW
β 88% efficacy and strain coverage
β duration of protection - 10 years
What is the most virulent strain of Meningitis?
β W
Who is vaccinated against meningitis W? (age groups)
β 14-18 year olds and 19-25
What is the DTap vaccine?
β Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis
β toxin mediated
β subunit vaccine
What is the IPV vaccine?
β polio virus (inactivated)
β killed organism
What is the Hib vaccine?
β Haemophilus influenzae B
What is the HepB vaccine?
β recombinant protein of HepB
β subunit vaccine
What is the PCV vaccine?
β Pneumococcal vaccine
β conjugated polysaccharide
What is the main cause of meningococcal septicaemia in children?
β MenB
Why is MenC vaccine dropped out at the beginning of the immunisation schedule?
β not very common anymore
What type of vaccine is MMR?
β live attenuated vaccine
What kind of a vaccine is rotavirus?
β live attenuated vaccine
Why is the rotavirus vaccine given twice/
β protects children against severe rotavirus but only 57% protection against mild forms
β there are multiple serotypes (G1-G5) of the rotavirus
What 7 vaccines are given at two months?
β DTaP β IPV β Hib β HepB β PCV β Rotavirus β MenB
What vaccines are given to 12-13 year old girls?
β HPV vaccine (2 doses)
What 3 vaccines are given to 13-18 year olds?
β Td
β IPV
β menACWY booster
What age group does haemophilus influenzae usually affect?
β 6 months - 3years
What happens in haemophilus influenzae type B?
β initially nasopharyngitis
β spreads to otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia or sometimes epiglottitis, croup
What can haemophilus influenzae spread into the bloodstream and become?
β bacteraemia β septic arthritis β meningitis - 60% β neurological disorders - 33% β death - 5%
How effective is the haemophilus vaccine?
β 99% effective
What is the haemophilus influenzae vaccine made of?
β capsule polysaccharide linked to conjugate
β diphtheria/tetanus toxoids + outer membrane proteins
What is the bacteria that causes diphtheria called?
β Corynebacterium diphtheriae
How does diphtheria cause disease?
β starts in the pharynx, non-invasive multiplication
β toxin produced locally but acts at a distance
β absorbed by lymphatics and has systemic effects
What does diphtheria damage?
β heart β kidney β nerves β adrenals β kills epithelial cells and polymorphs
What is a sign of diphtheria?
β Gelatinous exudate in the back of the throat β ulcer β necrotic exudate β swelling of the lymph nodes β respiratory obstruction β bull neck
What kind of a disease is tetanus?
β Neurotoxin disease
What is tetanus caused by?
β clostridium tetani
β spore forming organism that lives in the soil
What kind of a bacteria is clostridium tetani?
β gram +ve
What does the tetanus toxin do in the body?
β affects the nerves
β blocks the release of neurotransmitters at inhibitory synapses by blocking GABA
β unopposed excitatory stimuli of the motor neurons
β spastic paralysis occurs
What kind of a vaccine was the old pertussis vaccine?
β whole cell vaccine
βkilled organisms
What is the disadvantage of a whole cell vaccine for pertussis?
β causes lots of side effects
What is the new pertussis vaccine?
β subunit vaccine made from adhesin, pertussis toxoids, outer membrane proteins
Who are the 8 groups of people who get the influenza vaccine?
βThose ages 65 or over
βAll those ages 6 months or over in a clinical risk group
βThose living in long stay residential facilities
βThose who care for elderly or disabled
βHousehold contacts of immunocompromised individuals
βThose working in health and social care
βThose who work in close contact with poultry
βAll children 2-9 years
Why is there an influenza vaccination programme?
β to stop vulnerable people getting the flu
β to reduce circulation of the virus
What are the two components on the surface of the influenza virus and how many types of each are tehere ?
β Hemagglutinin - 15
β Neuraminidase - 9
What kind of a genome does influenza have?
β -ve
β ssRNA genome
How many segments and genes does the influenza virus have?
β 8 segments
β 10 genes
What causes epidemics?
β antigenic shift - mutation + selection
What causes pandemics?
β antigenic shift + gene reassortment
What were the 6 major pandemics in history?
β Spanish flu β Asian flu β Hong Kong flu β Hong Kong chicken flu β Swine flu β Coronavirus
Why are there different vaccines for the two hemispheres for influenza virus?
β different strains
What are the 8 diseases associated with a pneumococcal infection?
βSinusitis (common) βMeningitis βOtitis media βPneumonia βPeritonitis (rare) βSoft tissue infection (rare) βArthritis (rare) βInvasive pneumococcal disease
What are the two pneumococcal vaccines?
βPneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine PPV23
βPneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV-13V
Who is the PPV23 vaccine for?
βat risk adults and children over the age of 2
Why is the PPV 23 vaccine not given to children under the age of 2?
β children under the age of 2 canβt make a long lasting protective immune response to polysaccharide vaccines
What is the PCV-13V vaccine made of?
β polysaccharide from 13 most common capsule types conjugated to T/D toxoids + OMP as for Hib and MenC
How many types of HPV are there?
β 40
What are the high risk types of HPV?
β 16 and 18 lead to cancer
What are the low risk types of HPV?
β 6 and 11 lead to genital warts
How many women die of cervical cancer in the UK per year?
β 1000
What does the gardasil vaccine protect against?
β HPV 6,11,18,16
What does the cevarix vaccine protect against?
β HPV 16,18
Who is the HPV vaccine given to?
β 12-13 year old girls
β 17-18 year old girls
What is the vaccination schedule for HPV?
β 3 doses over 6 months
β booster not needed
What is the HPV vaccine made from?
β recombinant capsid L2 protein in virus like particles
What 3 vaccinations are given during pregnancy?
β tetanus
β TdAP/polio
β flu
Why are live vaccines not given in pregnancy?
β damage to fetus
What is the TdaP vaccine called?
β Boostrix IPV
When is the TdaP vaccine given to pregnant women?
β 28-32 weeks upto 38 weeks
Who is given the BCG vaccine?
β All infants 0-12 months living in an area where the incidence of TB is 40/100,000 or greater
β all infants 0-12 months with a parent or grandparent who was born in a country where the incidence of TB is 40/100,000 or greater
β at risk secondary school children
β previously unvaccinated new immigrants from high prevalence countries for TB
