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π“˜π“‚π“‚π“Šπ“ƒπ‘œπ“π‘œπ‘”π“Ž > Bacterial and Viral Vaccines > Flashcards

Bacterial and Viral Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meningococcal vaccine C made from?

A

➝ polysaccharide capsule of group C

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2
Q

Why is there no cross protection between the MenC and B vaccine?

A

➝ capsular polysaccharides are very different

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3
Q

What type of vaccines are MenC,A,W and Y?

A

➝ conjugated polysaccharide accines

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4
Q

Why has a vaccine for group B not been found?

A

➝ the outside has sialic acid which is present in most eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

Who has to have the meningitis B vaccine/

A

➝ all newborn babies

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6
Q

What does the bexsero vaccine contain?

A 
➝ Outer membrane vesicles
➝ surface protein of bacteria
➝ factor H binding protein
➝ neisseria heparin binding antigen
➝Neisseria adhesin A
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7
Q

What are the 3 issues with the bexsero vaccine?

A

➝ More reactogenic
➝ not all serotypes of group B covered
➝ £75 per dose - needs to be £20 for cost effectiveness

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8
Q

What are the 3 advantages of the bexsero vaccine?

A

➝ some cross protection against MenW
➝ 88% efficacy and strain coverage
➝ duration of protection - 10 years

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9
Q

What is the most virulent strain of Meningitis?

A

➝ W

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10
Q

Who is vaccinated against meningitis W? (age groups)

A

➝ 14-18 year olds and 19-25

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11
Q

What is the DTap vaccine?

A

➝ Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis
➝ toxin mediated
➝ subunit vaccine

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12
Q

What is the IPV vaccine?

A

➝ polio virus (inactivated)

➝ killed organism

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13
Q

What is the Hib vaccine?

A

➝ Haemophilus influenzae B

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14
Q

What is the HepB vaccine?

A

➝ recombinant protein of HepB

➝ subunit vaccine

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15
Q

What is the PCV vaccine?

A

➝ Pneumococcal vaccine

➝ conjugated polysaccharide

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16
Q

What is the main cause of meningococcal septicaemia in children?

A

➝ MenB

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17
Q

Why is MenC vaccine dropped out at the beginning of the immunisation schedule?

A

➝ not very common anymore

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18
Q

What type of vaccine is MMR?

A

➝ live attenuated vaccine

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19
Q

What kind of a vaccine is rotavirus?

A

➝ live attenuated vaccine

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20
Q

Why is the rotavirus vaccine given twice/

A

➝ protects children against severe rotavirus but only 57% protection against mild forms
➝ there are multiple serotypes (G1-G5) of the rotavirus

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21
Q

What 7 vaccines are given at two months?

A 
➝ DTaP
➝ IPV
➝ Hib
➝ HepB
➝ PCV
➝ Rotavirus
➝ MenB
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22
Q

What vaccines are given to 12-13 year old girls?

A

➝ HPV vaccine (2 doses)

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23
Q

What 3 vaccines are given to 13-18 year olds?

A

➝ Td
➝ IPV
➝ menACWY booster

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24
Q

What age group does haemophilus influenzae usually affect?

A

➝ 6 months - 3years

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25
What happens in haemophilus influenzae type B?
➝ initially nasopharyngitis | ➝ spreads to otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia or sometimes epiglottitis, croup
26
What can haemophilus influenzae spread into the bloodstream and become?
``` ➝ bacteraemia ➝ septic arthritis ➝ meningitis - 60% ➝ neurological disorders - 33% ➝ death - 5% ```
27
How effective is the haemophilus vaccine?
➝ 99% effective
28
What is the haemophilus influenzae vaccine made of?
➝ capsule polysaccharide linked to conjugate | ➝ diphtheria/tetanus toxoids + outer membrane proteins
29
What is the bacteria that causes diphtheria called?
➝ Corynebacterium diphtheriae
30
How does diphtheria cause disease?
➝ starts in the pharynx, non-invasive multiplication ➝ toxin produced locally but acts at a distance ➝ absorbed by lymphatics and has systemic effects
31
What does diphtheria damage?
``` ➝ heart ➝ kidney ➝ nerves ➝ adrenals ➝ kills epithelial cells and polymorphs ```
32
What is a sign of diphtheria?
``` ➝ Gelatinous exudate in the back of the throat ➝ ulcer ➝ necrotic exudate ➝ swelling of the lymph nodes ➝ respiratory obstruction ➝ bull neck ```
33
What kind of a disease is tetanus?
➝ Neurotoxin disease
34
What is tetanus caused by?
➝ clostridium tetani | ➝ spore forming organism that lives in the soil
35
What kind of a bacteria is clostridium tetani?
➝ gram +ve
36
What does the tetanus toxin do in the body?
➝ affects the nerves ➝ blocks the release of neurotransmitters at inhibitory synapses by blocking GABA ➝ unopposed excitatory stimuli of the motor neurons ➝ spastic paralysis occurs
37
What kind of a vaccine was the old pertussis vaccine?
➝ whole cell vaccine | ➝killed organisms
38
What is the disadvantage of a whole cell vaccine for pertussis?
➝ causes lots of side effects
39
What is the new pertussis vaccine?
➝ subunit vaccine made from adhesin, pertussis toxoids, outer membrane proteins
40
Who are the 8 groups of people who get the influenza vaccine?
➝Those ages 65 or over ➝All those ages 6 months or over in a clinical risk group ➝Those living in long stay residential facilities ➝Those who care for elderly or disabled ➝Household contacts of immunocompromised individuals ➝Those working in health and social care ➝Those who work in close contact with poultry ➝All children 2-9 years
41
Why is there an influenza vaccination programme?
➝ to stop vulnerable people getting the flu | ➝ to reduce circulation of the virus
42
What are the two components on the surface of the influenza virus and how many types of each are tehere ?
➝ Hemagglutinin - 15 | ➝ Neuraminidase - 9
43
What kind of a genome does influenza have?
➝ -ve | ➝ ssRNA genome
44
How many segments and genes does the influenza virus have?
➝ 8 segments | ➝ 10 genes
45
What causes epidemics?
➝ antigenic shift - mutation + selection
46
What causes pandemics?
➝ antigenic shift + gene reassortment
47
What were the 6 major pandemics in history?
``` ➝ Spanish flu ➝ Asian flu ➝ Hong Kong flu ➝ Hong Kong chicken flu ➝ Swine flu ➝ Coronavirus ```
48
Why are there different vaccines for the two hemispheres for influenza virus?
➝ different strains
49
What are the 8 diseases associated with a pneumococcal infection?
``` ➝Sinusitis (common) ➝Meningitis ➝Otitis media ➝Pneumonia ➝Peritonitis (rare) ➝Soft tissue infection (rare) ➝Arthritis (rare) ➝Invasive pneumococcal disease ```
50
What are the two pneumococcal vaccines?
➝Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine PPV23 | ➝Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV-13V
51
Who is the PPV23 vaccine for?
➝at risk adults and children over the age of 2
52
Why is the PPV 23 vaccine not given to children under the age of 2?
➝ children under the age of 2 can't make a long lasting protective immune response to polysaccharide vaccines
53
What is the PCV-13V vaccine made of?
➝ polysaccharide from 13 most common capsule types conjugated to T/D toxoids + OMP as for Hib and MenC
54
How many types of HPV are there?
➝ 40
55
What are the high risk types of HPV?
➝ 16 and 18 lead to cancer
56
What are the low risk types of HPV?
➝ 6 and 11 lead to genital warts
57
How many women die of cervical cancer in the UK per year?
➝ 1000
58
What does the gardasil vaccine protect against?
➝ HPV 6,11,18,16
59
What does the cevarix vaccine protect against?
➝ HPV 16,18
60
Who is the HPV vaccine given to?
➝ 12-13 year old girls | ➝ 17-18 year old girls
61
What is the vaccination schedule for HPV?
➝ 3 doses over 6 months | ➝ booster not needed
62
What is the HPV vaccine made from?
➝ recombinant capsid L2 protein in virus like particles
63
What 3 vaccinations are given during pregnancy?
➝ tetanus ➝ TdAP/polio ➝ flu
64
Why are live vaccines not given in pregnancy?
➝ damage to fetus
65
What is the TdaP vaccine called?
➝ Boostrix IPV
66
When is the TdaP vaccine given to pregnant women?
➝ 28-32 weeks upto 38 weeks
67
Who is given the BCG vaccine?
➝ All infants 0-12 months living in an area where the incidence of TB is 40/100,000 or greater ➝ all infants 0-12 months with a parent or grandparent who was born in a country where the incidence of TB is 40/100,000 or greater ➝ at risk secondary school children ➝ previously unvaccinated new immigrants from high prevalence countries for TB

π“˜π“‚π“‚π“Šπ“ƒπ‘œπ“π‘œπ‘”π“Ž (14 decks)

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