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π“˜π“‚π“‚π“Šπ“ƒπ‘œπ“π‘œπ‘”π“Ž > Bacterial and Viral Vaccines > Flashcards

Bacterial and Viral Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meningococcal vaccine C made from?

A

➝ polysaccharide capsule of group C

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2
Q

Why is there no cross protection between the MenC and B vaccine?

A

➝ capsular polysaccharides are very different

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3
Q

What type of vaccines are MenC,A,W and Y?

A

➝ conjugated polysaccharide accines

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4
Q

Why has a vaccine for group B not been found?

A

➝ the outside has sialic acid which is present in most eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

Who has to have the meningitis B vaccine/

A

➝ all newborn babies

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6
Q

What does the bexsero vaccine contain?

A 
➝ Outer membrane vesicles
➝ surface protein of bacteria
➝ factor H binding protein
➝ neisseria heparin binding antigen
➝Neisseria adhesin A
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7
Q

What are the 3 issues with the bexsero vaccine?

A

➝ More reactogenic
➝ not all serotypes of group B covered
➝ £75 per dose - needs to be £20 for cost effectiveness

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8
Q

What are the 3 advantages of the bexsero vaccine?

A

➝ some cross protection against MenW
➝ 88% efficacy and strain coverage
➝ duration of protection - 10 years

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9
Q

What is the most virulent strain of Meningitis?

A

➝ W

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10
Q

Who is vaccinated against meningitis W? (age groups)

A

➝ 14-18 year olds and 19-25

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11
Q

What is the DTap vaccine?

A

➝ Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis
➝ toxin mediated
➝ subunit vaccine

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12
Q

What is the IPV vaccine?

A

➝ polio virus (inactivated)

➝ killed organism

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13
Q

What is the Hib vaccine?

A

➝ Haemophilus influenzae B

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14
Q

What is the HepB vaccine?

A

➝ recombinant protein of HepB

➝ subunit vaccine

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15
Q

What is the PCV vaccine?

A

➝ Pneumococcal vaccine

➝ conjugated polysaccharide

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16
Q

What is the main cause of meningococcal septicaemia in children?

A

➝ MenB

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17
Q

Why is MenC vaccine dropped out at the beginning of the immunisation schedule?

A

➝ not very common anymore

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18
Q

What type of vaccine is MMR?

A

➝ live attenuated vaccine

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19
Q

What kind of a vaccine is rotavirus?

A

➝ live attenuated vaccine

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20
Q

Why is the rotavirus vaccine given twice/

A

➝ protects children against severe rotavirus but only 57% protection against mild forms
➝ there are multiple serotypes (G1-G5) of the rotavirus

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21
Q

What 7 vaccines are given at two months?

A 
➝ DTaP
➝ IPV
➝ Hib
➝ HepB
➝ PCV
➝ Rotavirus
➝ MenB
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22
Q

What vaccines are given to 12-13 year old girls?

A

➝ HPV vaccine (2 doses)

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23
Q

What 3 vaccines are given to 13-18 year olds?

A

➝ Td
➝ IPV
➝ menACWY booster

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24
Q

What age group does haemophilus influenzae usually affect?

A

➝ 6 months - 3years

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25
Q

What happens in haemophilus influenzae type B?

A

➝ initially nasopharyngitis

➝ spreads to otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia or sometimes epiglottitis, croup

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26
Q

What can haemophilus influenzae spread into the bloodstream and become?

A 
➝ bacteraemia
➝ septic arthritis
➝ meningitis - 60%
➝ neurological disorders - 33% 
➝ death - 5%
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27
Q

How effective is the haemophilus vaccine?

A

➝ 99% effective

28
Q

What is the haemophilus influenzae vaccine made of?

A

➝ capsule polysaccharide linked to conjugate

➝ diphtheria/tetanus toxoids + outer membrane proteins

29
Q

What is the bacteria that causes diphtheria called?

A

➝ Corynebacterium diphtheriae

30
Q

How does diphtheria cause disease?

A

➝ starts in the pharynx, non-invasive multiplication
➝ toxin produced locally but acts at a distance
➝ absorbed by lymphatics and has systemic effects

31
Q

What does diphtheria damage?

A 
➝ heart 
➝ kidney
➝ nerves
➝ adrenals 
➝ kills epithelial cells and polymorphs
32
Q

What is a sign of diphtheria?

A 
➝ Gelatinous exudate in the back of the throat 
➝ ulcer ➝ necrotic exudate
➝ swelling of the lymph nodes 
➝ respiratory obstruction 
➝ bull neck
33
Q

What kind of a disease is tetanus?

A

➝ Neurotoxin disease

34
Q

What is tetanus caused by?

A

➝ clostridium tetani

➝ spore forming organism that lives in the soil

35
Q

What kind of a bacteria is clostridium tetani?

A

➝ gram +ve

36
Q

What does the tetanus toxin do in the body?

A

➝ affects the nerves
➝ blocks the release of neurotransmitters at inhibitory synapses by blocking GABA
➝ unopposed excitatory stimuli of the motor neurons
➝ spastic paralysis occurs

37
Q

What kind of a vaccine was the old pertussis vaccine?

A

➝ whole cell vaccine

➝killed organisms

38
Q

What is the disadvantage of a whole cell vaccine for pertussis?

A

➝ causes lots of side effects

39
Q

What is the new pertussis vaccine?

A

➝ subunit vaccine made from adhesin, pertussis toxoids, outer membrane proteins

40
Q

Who are the 8 groups of people who get the influenza vaccine?

A

➝Those ages 65 or over
➝All those ages 6 months or over in a clinical risk group
➝Those living in long stay residential facilities
➝Those who care for elderly or disabled
➝Household contacts of immunocompromised individuals
➝Those working in health and social care
➝Those who work in close contact with poultry
➝All children 2-9 years

41
Q

Why is there an influenza vaccination programme?

A

➝ to stop vulnerable people getting the flu

➝ to reduce circulation of the virus

42
Q

What are the two components on the surface of the influenza virus and how many types of each are tehere ?

A

➝ Hemagglutinin - 15

➝ Neuraminidase - 9

43
Q

What kind of a genome does influenza have?

A

➝ -ve

➝ ssRNA genome

44
Q

How many segments and genes does the influenza virus have?

A

➝ 8 segments

➝ 10 genes

45
Q

What causes epidemics?

A

➝ antigenic shift - mutation + selection

46
Q

What causes pandemics?

A

➝ antigenic shift + gene reassortment

47
Q

What were the 6 major pandemics in history?

A 
➝ Spanish flu
➝ Asian flu
➝ Hong Kong flu
➝ Hong Kong chicken flu
➝ Swine flu 
➝ Coronavirus
48
Q

Why are there different vaccines for the two hemispheres for influenza virus?

A

➝ different strains

49
Q

What are the 8 diseases associated with a pneumococcal infection?

A 
➝Sinusitis (common) 
➝Meningitis
➝Otitis media
➝Pneumonia
➝Peritonitis (rare) 
➝Soft tissue infection (rare) 
➝Arthritis (rare) 
➝Invasive pneumococcal disease
50
Q

What are the two pneumococcal vaccines?

A

➝Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine PPV23

➝Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV-13V

51
Q

Who is the PPV23 vaccine for?

A

➝at risk adults and children over the age of 2

52
Q

Why is the PPV 23 vaccine not given to children under the age of 2?

A

➝ children under the age of 2 can’t make a long lasting protective immune response to polysaccharide vaccines

53
Q

What is the PCV-13V vaccine made of?

A

➝ polysaccharide from 13 most common capsule types conjugated to T/D toxoids + OMP as for Hib and MenC

54
Q

How many types of HPV are there?

A

➝ 40

55
Q

What are the high risk types of HPV?

A

➝ 16 and 18 lead to cancer

56
Q

What are the low risk types of HPV?

A

➝ 6 and 11 lead to genital warts

57
Q

How many women die of cervical cancer in the UK per year?

A

➝ 1000

58
Q

What does the gardasil vaccine protect against?

A

➝ HPV 6,11,18,16

59
Q

What does the cevarix vaccine protect against?

A

➝ HPV 16,18

60
Q

Who is the HPV vaccine given to?

A

➝ 12-13 year old girls

➝ 17-18 year old girls

61
Q

What is the vaccination schedule for HPV?

A

➝ 3 doses over 6 months

➝ booster not needed

62
Q

What is the HPV vaccine made from?

A

➝ recombinant capsid L2 protein in virus like particles

63
Q

What 3 vaccinations are given during pregnancy?

A

➝ tetanus
➝ TdAP/polio
➝ flu

64
Q

Why are live vaccines not given in pregnancy?

A

➝ damage to fetus

65
Q

What is the TdaP vaccine called?

A

➝ Boostrix IPV

66
Q

When is the TdaP vaccine given to pregnant women?

A

➝ 28-32 weeks upto 38 weeks

67
Q

Who is given the BCG vaccine?

A

➝ All infants 0-12 months living in an area where the incidence of TB is 40/100,000 or greater
➝ all infants 0-12 months with a parent or grandparent who was born in a country where the incidence of TB is 40/100,000 or greater
➝ at risk secondary school children
➝ previously unvaccinated new immigrants from high prevalence countries for TB

π“˜π“‚π“‚π“Šπ“ƒπ‘œπ“π‘œπ‘”π“Ž (14 decks)

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