Bacterial and viral vaccine Flashcards

1
Q

when it comes to meningococcal infections, why is there no cross protection?

A

because the different strains have antigenic variation

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2
Q

which N.meningitidis strains have vaccines against them?

A

Group C and A, W and Y
- it is a conjugated capsular polysaccharide vaccine (conjugated because children under 2 don’t make antibodies against PLS)

no vaccine for type B before 2014 because the sugar in type B is also found in eukaryotic cells, so an antibiotic would’ve affect our cells too

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3
Q

describe the Men B Vaccine (Sept 2015)

A

vaccine offered at 2 and 4 months followed by a booster at 12 months

you can reduce the incidence of the disease by vaccinating newborns and more vulnerable younger children - reduces infectious pool and herd immunity protects those that haven’t been vaccinated

this vaccine not as good as A and W vaccines, and didn’t give much cross reactive protection against other strains, only menW a bit

10 year duration of protection

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4
Q

MenACWY conjugate vaccine

A

offers protection against the highly virulent invasive strain W

increasing since 2009, emerging strain in young adult population

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5
Q

do live or dead vaccines require boosters?

A

dead ones

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6
Q

Haemophilus influenza type B (HIB)

A

Paediatric disease - usually 6 mo - 3 yrs

Initially, a nasopharyngitis (often starting with viral infection)

spreads to sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia or sometimes epiglottitis (requiring a tracheotomy)

Spreads : bacteraemia,
septic arthritis,
meningitis

death (5%) if not vigorously treated

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7
Q

Prevention of Hib meningitis and infections

A

very effective conjugated vaccine

capsule polysaccharide linked to conjugate - diphtheria/tetanus toxoids + outer membrane proteins

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8
Q

Diphtheria

A

Toxin produced locally but acts at a distance - absorbed by lymphatics and has systemic effects - damages heart, kidney, nerves, adrenals

Death of epithelial cells

Pseudomembrane at the back of the throat, it’s a build up of exudate

local inflammation ,swelling, lymph nodes

Respiratory obstruction due to inflammation

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9
Q

Tetanus

A

a neurotoxin disease

Blocks release of GABA/glycine at inhibitory synapse, locking of the muscles - unopposed continuous excitation, leading to spastic paralysis

vaccine works by generating neutralising antibodies against the toxin

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10
Q

DTaP vaccine

A

tetanus, diptheria and whooping cough

acellular vaccine
adhesin + pertussis toxoids + outer membrane proteins

blocks adhesion and neutralises toxin - antibody role

very effective

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11
Q

Influenza vaccine programme

A

the aim is to protect those who are most at risk of serious illness or death should they develop influenza

given to:

  • all those aged 65 years or over
  • all those aged 6 months or over in a clinical risk group
  • those living in long-stay residential facilities
  • those who care for elderly or disabled persons
  • household with immunocompromised individuals
  • those working within health and social care settings
  • those who work in close contact with poultry
  • all children 2 – 9 years (most infections and transmission source)

Protect vulnerable people by vaccinating people around them to prevent transmission

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12
Q

what does the influenza virus target and what are the complications with this vaccine?

A

neutralising antibodies that target the haemaglutinin molecules on virus surface

flu virus undergoes antigenic drift – the gradual accumulation of mutations in the haemaglutinin genes, epidemic

OR antigenic shift, recombination of viruses can occur - acquire a new gene for a new haemaglutinin molecule that’s never been seen before in a population for many years – puts a population at risk, pandemic

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13
Q

Invasive Pneumococcal infection - who does it affect most?

A

mainly young kids and older people

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14
Q

types of pneumococcal vaccine?

A
  1. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine PPV23
    - for at risk adults and children over the age of 2
    - kids under 2 can’t make a long-lasting protective immune response to polysaccharide vaccines
  2. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine PCV-13V
    - conjugated to T/D toxoids + OMP as for Hib and MenC
    - Vaccine 1. wouldn’t work for kids because they don’t recognise polysaccharides so a conjugated vaccine was made.
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15
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A

over 40 types

Genital Warts:-
High risk types (16,18) – lead to cancer

Low risk types (6,11) - warts

1% of women cancer deaths

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16
Q

HPV Vaccination

A

Two licensed vaccines:

Gardasil: protects against HPV 6,11,16,18 - used now
Cervarix: protects against HPV 16,18

Clinical trials show high efficacy, well tolerated, very effective

only need 2 doses of the vaccine - it is a recombinant protein vaccine: made up of some of the capsid proteins, forms an artificial virus particle and proteins assemble

17
Q

Vaccination in Pregnancy

A
  1. Neonatal tetanus: Disease of the 8th Day, tetanus causes death on day 8. therefore vaccinate pregnant women to protect newborns

Tetanus toxoid to mother in late pregnancy - live vaccines may damage foetus

  1. TdaP/polio - whooping cough
  2. Flu
18
Q

Mantoux test

A

widely used test for latent TB

injecting small amount of a substance called PPD tuberculin into the skin of your forearm