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Antibiotics > Bacteria structure > Flashcards

Bacteria structure Flashcards

1
Q

Lipopolysaccharides

A
  • Also known as endotoxins
  • Found in the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria and elicit strong immune responses
  • It contributes to the structural integrity of the bacteria
  • LPS increases the negative charge of the cell membrane
  • It helps with adhesion
  • It is composed of 3 parts: O-antigen, Core oligosaccharide and Lipid A
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2
Q

Lipooligosaccharides

A
  • It is the low molecular weight form of LPS
  • Glycolipids found in the outermembrane of some types of Gram-negative bacteria including: Neisseria spp. and Haemophilus spp
  • They play an important role in the pathogenesis of some bacterial infections as they can act as immunostimulators and immunomodulators
  • Virulence factors, help in immune evasion
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3
Q

Exotoxin

A
  • Mostly gram positive bacteria
  • Extracellular
  • Polypeptide
  • Unstable
  • Powerful
  • Specific
  • THe most important Exotoxin is the AB toxin
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4
Q

Endotoxin

A
  • Almost all gram negative bacteria
  • It is part of the outer layer of the cell wall
  • They are also called LPS
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5
Q

AB toxin

A
  • 2 component protein complexes secreted by pathogenic bacteria
  • They can be classified as type III toxins as they interfere with internal cell function
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6
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A
  • Encapsulated gram positive
  • Diplococci, lancet shaped, do not form spores and are non-motile
  • Comensal bacteria in nasopharynx
  • It is spread by respiratory droplets
  • IT is the main cause of community acquired pneumonia and meningitis in children and the elderly
  • Do not produce the catalase enzyme

VIRULENCE FACTORS
- Key virulence factor is the polysaccharide capsule
It is anti-phagocytic and is the basis for vaccination
- Invasins: pneumolysin (cytotoxin)
- Surface adhesins
-sIgA protease interferes with mucosal immunity
- Teichoic acid
- H2O2 can be cytotoxic to host cells

ADHERENCE
- RgA, pillin tip protein, PsaA

INFECTION
It colonises the air sacs of the lungs
THe body responds by stimulating the inflammatory response causing plasma, blood and white blood cells to fill the alveoli (pneumonia)

TOXINS
- pneumolysin

ANTIBIOTICS
It is susceptible to clindamycin Resistant to penicillin

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7
Q

Invasin

A

A class of proteins associated with the penetration of bacteria into host cells

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8
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

Group A Streptococci

A
  • Gram positive bacteria
  • Non motile and non sporing cocci
  • Commensal as part of the skin microbiota
  • It is transmitted by respiratory droplets and from cattle to humans through contaminated food

VIRULENCE FACTORS
It has several virulence factors that enable it to attach to host tissues, evade the immune response and spread by penetrating host tissue layers

  • A carbohydrate based bacterial capsule surrounds the bacterium, protecting it from phagocytosis
  • M protein, lipoteichoic acid and protein F facilitate attachment to various host cells
  • M protein also inhibits opsonisation
  • M proteins are unique to each strain
  • F proteins

INFECTION

  • strep throat
  • Scarlett fever

TOXINS

  • 4 pyrogenic exotoxins: A, B, C & F trigger inflammatory responses
  • Erythrogenic toxin (exotoxin)

ENZYMES
- Streptolysin S and O lyse RBCs

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9
Q

Viridans Streptococci

A
  • Gram positive
  • Cocci
  • Commensal bacteria in the mouth
  • If they are introduced into the bloodstream, they have the potential to cause endocarditis

VIRULENCE
- No noteworthy virulence factors, but they contribute to disease when thre are breaks in mucosal barrires

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10
Q

Enterococcus

A
  • Gram positive
  • Cocci
  • Faculatiev anaerobic
  • Do not form spores
  • 2 species are common commensals in the intestines- E.facecalis and E. faecium

INFECTION
UTI’s
Bacteremia
Meningitis

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11
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A
  • Gram positive cocci
  • Commensal in the nasopharynx + skin
  • Faculative anaerobe

VIRULENCE FACTORS

  • Exotoxins: membrane disrupting toxins
    1. Hemolysins, lysis of RBC
    2. Enterotoxin
    3. Leukocidin, destroys WBCs
  • Extracellular enzymes
    1. Coagulase, conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin = clots plasma and prevents phagocytosis
    2. Catalase, converts H202 to H20 and O2
    3. Lipase, penetrates fatty tissue
    4. Deoxyribonuclease, which breaks down the DNA

ANTIBIOTICS
- Penicillin

RESISTANT
- MRSA

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12
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis

A
  • Gram positive
  • Commensal bacteria in the skin
  • It is a concern with people with catheters as it is known to form biofilms

VIRULENCE
- The ability to form biofilms on plastic devices
It produces an extracellular material known as polysaccharide intercellular adhesion, which allows other abcteria to bind to the existing biofilm

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13
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

A
  • A gram positive coccus
  • Coagulase negative
  • Community acquired UTI
  • Commensal in the female genital tract

VIRULENCE FACTORS
- Adherence to urothelial cells by lipoteichoic acid

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14
Q

Micrococcus

A
  • Gram positive cocci
  • M. luteus (yellow) and M. roseus (red) produce yellow or pink colonies when grown on mannitol salt agar
  • Commensal on skin
  • Aeorobic
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15
Q

Bacillus cereus

  • B. anthracis
  • B. cereus
A

Bacillus anthracis

  • Gram positive bacillus
  • Faculatative anaerobe
  • Encapsulated
  • Forms spores

VIRULENCE FACTORS

  • Capsule, inhibits phagocytoss
  • Anthrax exotoxin
  • Protective antigen

Bacillus cereus

  • Gram positive rod
  • Motile
  • Nonencapsulative
  • Faculative anaerobe
  • Forms spores that adhere to epithelial cells, virulence factor

INFECTION
- Food poisoning
gastroenteritis, ingestion of spores (diarrhea)
intoxication, ingestion of toxins (vomiting)

TOXINS

  • Enterotoxins
  • Hemolysins
  • Phospholipase C
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16
Q

Hemolysin

A

Lipids and proteins that cause lysis of red blood cells by destroying their cell membrane

17
Q

Phospholipase C toxin

A

It can interact with cell membranes and hydrolyse them leading to cell lysis

18
Q

Clostridium

  • C. perfrigens
  • C. difficile
  • C. tetani
  • C.botulinum
A
  • Gram positive bacilli
  • Obligate anaerobes
  • Produce endospores with a distinct bowling pin shape
  • Inhabit soil
  • Commensal of reproductive tract in women

CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRIGENS
- It causes food poisoning and gas gangrene (a-toxin)

VIRULENCE FACTORS
- Type II toxin, disrupts plasma membrane

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE

  • diarrhea
  • risk factors= antibiotics, when the antibiotic kills off other competing bacterine in the intestine
  • It is spread by bacterial spores in feces

VIRULENCE FACTORS

  • enterotoxin
  • cytotoxin

CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM

  • types A, B and E cause diseases in humans
  • Commensal in the large intestine
  • Spores enter anaerobic environment and organism produces toxin
  • Obligate anaaerobe

VIRULENCE FACTORS

  • Produces a neurotoxin called botulinum onlyduring sporulation in an anaerobic environment
  • It is associated with canned food

CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

  • Anaerobic
  • It is found in spores in the soil
  • Produces spores that are heat tolerant
  • It usually enters a host through a wound to the skin

VIRULENCE FACTORS
- Toxin, tetanospasmin (neurotoxin) and tetanolysin

19
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

They are poisoned by oxygen

20
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

They can grow with or without oxygen

21
Q

Mycobacterium
M. tuberculosis
M. leprae

A
  • Aeorobic and nonmotile
  • Acid fast
  • Capsules and most do not form endospores
  • Notoriously difficult to treat, cell wall is neither truly gram positive or negative
  • characteristic thick waxy coating prevents its gram stain

MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

  • An obligate pathogenic bacterial species
  • Waxy coating on its cell surface due to mycolic acid
  • It requires high levels of oxygen
  • Humans are the only known reservoirs of M. tuberculosis
  • It can be spread through air droplets
  • When in the lungs it is phagocytosed by macrophases but they are unable to kill and digest the bacterium
  • It secretes proteins that preents the fusipon of the phagosome with the lysosome

VIRULENCE FACTORS

  • mycolic acid wax in cell wall
  • catalase

MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE

  • Aerobic bacillus surrounded by the characteristic waxy coating unique to mycobacteria
  • Obligate intercellular parasite
  • Disease, leprosy

VIRULENCE FACTORS

  • A waxy exterior coating formed by the production of mycolic acids
  • Catalase
22
Q

Acid fast stain

Ziehl-Neelson stain

A

Purpose: to differentiate between acid- fast and non acid- fast bacteria

Some bacteria contain a waxy lipid, mycolic acid, in their cell wall

  • Used carbol-fuschin and heat
  • Decolourised with an acid alcohol
  • Counterstain with methylene blue

Non acid fast= blue
Acid fast= Red

23
Q

Nocardia

A
  • Gram positive, catalase positive
  • Weakly acid fast
  • Commensal in mouth
  • Infections are acquired by inhalation or by traumatic introduction
  • Pathogenic with low virulence

VIRULENCE FACTORS

  • Catalase
  • Superoxide dismutase
24
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A
  • Facultative anaerobe
  • Motile
  • It can grow and reproduce inside the host’s cells and is one of the most virulent foodborne pathogens
  • It causes listeriosis
  • It can tolerate low and high temperatures

VIRULENCE FACTORS

  • listeriolysin O, LLO
  • phospholipase A + B
25
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae

A
  • Gram positive and aerobic
  • Non sporeforming
  • nonmotile
  • It affects the upper respiratory system
  • Transmited through respiratory droplets

VIRULENCE FACTORS
- A,B exotoxin is absobed in the blood which kills heart, kidney andnerve cells nby blocking protein syntheisis

26
Q

Adhesins

A
  • Cell surface components that facilitate adhesion
  • They are a type of virlence factor
  • Many fimbria of gram-negative bacteria functio as adhesins
  • In gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysacchardie surface layer serves as the specific adherin
  • To effectively adhere to host surfaces, many bacteria produce multiple adherence factors called adhesins
  • Typical structure of a bacterial adhesion is that of a fimbria or pilus

Fimbrae- an adhesin
Type I fimbrae- In Enterobacteriaceae which bind specifically to mannose terminated glycoproteins on eukaryotic cell surfaces
Type IV Pili- pili in certain grampositive and gram-negative
S kayer- proteins that form the cell envelope
Glycocalyx- adhesins
Capsule-
LPS- gram negative
Teichoic acids and Lipoteichoic acids- gram positive

27
Q

Neisseria
N. meningitidis
N. gonorrhoeae

A
  • Gram negative
  • Commensal in mucosa
  • diplococci
  • Non spore forming

Neisseria meningitidis

  • Commensal in 10% of adults in the nasopharynx
  • Aerobic and encapsulated
  • An exclusively human pathogen
  • It is spread through saliva
  • Infects cells by sticking to it with long thin extensions called pili and the surpace exposed proteins Opa and Opc
  • The phenotypical classification of meningococci is based on structural differences in capsular polysaccharide LOS and outer membrane proteins

VIRULENCE FACTORS

  • Endotoxin, LPS and is responsible for septic shock due to the destruction of RBC
  • Polysaccharide capsule which prevents host phagocytosis
  • Fimbrae mediate attachment of bacteria to epithelial cells of the nasopharynx
  • Produce an IgA protease that cleaves IgA antibodies

Neisseria gonorrhea

  • It is spread by sexual contaact
  • It is facultatively intracellular
  • Obligate aerobe
28
Q

Fastidious organism

A
  • Any organism that has a complex nutritional requirement
29
Q

Enterobacteriaceae

A
  • Salmonella
  • E.coli
  • Yersinia pesitis
  • Klebsiella
  • Shigela
    KEYSS
  • Some are present in the human intestinal tract
  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Multiple flagella
  • Non spore forming
30
Q

Enterobacteriaceae

Salmonella

A
  • Facultative anaeobe
  • Non spore forming
  • Flagella

INFECTION

  • typhoid fever
  • foodborne illness
  • zoonotic disease

VIRULENCE FACTORS

  • Many of the Salmonella virulence factors, such as adhesion, invasion and toxin genes are clustered in areas of the chromosome called Salmonella pathogenicity islands
  • Type III secretion system proteins
31
Q

Enterobacteriaceae

E.Coli

A
  • Facultative anaerobic
  • Non spore forming
  • Strains that have flagella are motile
  • Commensal in gut
  • Virulent strains can cause gastroenteritis and UTI’s

UPEC
It is one of the main causes of UTI’s

VIRULENCE FACTORS

  • Adhesins, fimmbrae
  • Hemolysin
  • K Capsule
32
Q

Vibrio Cholera

A
  • Facultative anaerobe
  • It has a flagellum and pilli

VIRULENCE FACTORS

  • Cholera toxin
  • Pilus TCP
33
Q

Lactobacillus

A

It colonises the vagina because glycogen is produced which provides the bacteria with a source of sugar that they ferment into lactic acid

34
Q

Siderophores

A
  • Iron-chelating compounds
35
Q

Catalase

A

It catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
It protects the cell from damage by ROS
Neutrophils use peroxide to kill bacteria
Cats Need PLACES to Belch their Hairballs = catalase +ve

Nocardia 
Pseudomonas 
Listeria 
Aspergillus 
Candida 
E.coli 
Staphylococcus 
H. pylori

Antibiotics (10 decks)

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