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GI (Maja) > Bacteria, Parasites, Viruses and other stuff that makes you sick > Flashcards

Bacteria, Parasites, Viruses and other stuff that makes you sick Flashcards

1
Q

Morphological breakdown of staph aureus

A

Gram + cocci cluster
Catalase +
Coagulase +
Non spore forming

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2
Q

Pathogenic features of staph aureus

A

Enterotoxin –> binds MHC II and TCR outside to cause release of IL-1, IL-2, IFNg and TNFa –> shock

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3
Q

What other diseases do you see staph aureus

A

Surgical wounds

Scalded skin syndrome

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4
Q

Sx of staph aureus ingestion

A

Nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhea 1-3 days.
1-7 hours after ingestion
SELF LIMITING

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5
Q

Abx for staph food poisoning?

A

No, self limiting due to the effect being from enterotoxin

Supportive care

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6
Q

Bacillus cereus breakdown

A

G+ box car bacilli
endospore forming
mostly motile
b hemolytic

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7
Q

Bacillus cereus enterotoxin

A

emetic: form holes in membrane (cereulide)
Diarrhea: enterotoxin is HMW and therefore draws intestinal fluid secretion

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8
Q

Reservoir for bacillus cereus

A

rice, pasta

watch out for the Chinese food

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9
Q

Treatment for bacillus cereus

A

abx for vulnerable populations (Vanco, clinda)

Supportive care for most

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10
Q

Campylobacter jejuni morphlogy

A 
Gram - negative bacilli (spirilli)
microaerophilic
motile
cold sensitive
Grow at 42 degree C
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11
Q

How is campylobacter jejuni transmitted?

A

Zoonosis
Fecal to oral transmission
Reservoir: poultry, undercooked meat, unpasteurized milk, infected animals

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12
Q

Symptoms of C. jejuni infection?

A

BLOODY DIARRHEA
cramping
fever

complication: Guillain Barre, reactive arthritis

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13
Q

How do you culture c. jejuni

A

Karmali agar

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14
Q

Why is clostridium perfringens different from other clostridium?

A

NON MOTILE

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15
Q

Pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens?

A

Enterotoxin
Binds to receptors in endothelial cell junctions, then generates pores in host mucosa cells.
Phospholipase degrades tissues and cell membranes

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16
Q

Clostridium perfringens reservoir?

A

food prepared in large quantities and kept warm (cafeterias)

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17
Q

Clostridium botulinum path?

A

Neurotxoin - inhibits ach release at nm junction

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18
Q

Why can’t babies have honey?

A

C. Botulinum toxin

Would see - lethargy, poor feeding, constipation, weak cry, poor muscle tone, paralysis of resp. system

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19
Q

Tx for botulism toxin?

A

Laxatives, enemas
Ventilator if respiratory failure
Antitoxin if paralysis not complete

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20
Q

C diff morphology?

A

G+ bacilli
spore forming
obligate anaerobe
motile

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21
Q

C diff pathogenesis?

A

Toxin A: Enterotoxin, binds brush border of gut and alters fluid secretion

Toxin B: cytotoxin disrupts cytoskeleton by actin depolymerization

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22
Q

Tx for c diff

A

fecal transplantation

Metronidazole or oral vanco

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23
Q

Salmonella morphological breakdown

A 
Gram - bacilli
non spore forming 
H2S positive
lactose negative
motile 
flagellated
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24
Q

Salmonella enterica pathogenesis

A

Genes mediate closure of ion channels so water and electrolytes secreted into lumen

Diarrhea

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25
Salmonella typhi pathogenesis
endotoxin; Vi capsule High fevers, weakness, headache, stomach pains, loss of appetite, constipation THEN diarrhea, rash or flat rose colored spots
26
abx for typhoid fever?
Ceftriaxone or fluoroquinolones
27
Shigella morphology
``` G - bacilli facultative anaerobe non motile non spore forming lactose negative H2S negative ```
28
Shigella pathogenesis
Shiga toxin Invasive through M cells. Actin rockets to move around Shiga toxin (verotoxin ) acts on vascular endothelial cells (AB toxin) GI mucosal damage - dysentery. Enhanced cytokine release leads to HUS
29
Listeria morphology
``` G+ bacilli non fastidious flagellated motile non spore forming oxidase - ```
30
Listeria tx
ampicillin
31
Vibrio Cholera morphology
Cholera toxin activates Gs - increases cAMP - decreased Na - increased chloride excretion. Water moves into the lumen Acid labile
32
What do cholera stools look like?
rice water stools
33
E coli morphology
``` G - bacillus facultative anaerobe motile non spore forming mainly lactose + ```
34
EHEC pathogenesis O157:H7
Shiga like toxin enhances cytokine release causing HUS
35
ETEC pathogenesis
Heat labile toxin : activates adenylate cyclase - increase cAMP - increase CL secretion causing water into lumen (efflux) Heat stabile toxin: Activates guanylate cyclase - increased cGMP - decreased resorption of NaCl and water in the gut
36
Beaver fever (yikes)
Giardia
37
MOA of giardia
loss of epithelial cell surface area cysts in water
38
Symptoms of giardia
Foul smelling diarrhea, Flatulence | stools are greasy tend to float (fat)
39
Cryptosporidium MOA
absorption impaired and secretion enhanced when intestinal epithelial cells are infected. Disrupts epithelial microvilli, slides into host cells, enveloping itself in the host cell membrane Opportunistic
40
Crypto symptoms
Water frequent non bloody stool
41
Tx Giardia
Metronidazole
42
Tx of crypto
Nitazoxanide in immunocompromised Prevention/supportive in rest
43
What causes amebic dysentery
Entamoeba histolytica
44
MOA of entamoeba?
Cytotoxic in large intestine Maximally tissue invasive, adhere and kill, phagocytose Mucosal cell invasion: replication, cysts in feces Blood vessel invasion: amebic hepatits
45
What unicellular parasite goes to liver to cause hepatitis?
Entamoeba
46
Sx of entamoeba?
Bloody mucus loose stools
47
tx of entamoeba?
Metronidazole Paromomycin or iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers
48
What is the scientific name for pinworms/roundworms?
Enterobius vermicularis
49
Most common helminth infection in the US
Enterobius vermicularis
50
How is enterobius vermicularis acquired?
ingestion of pinworm eggs. | Very common in day cares etc.
51
Life cycle of pinworms
Eggs on perianal folds. Larvae inside eggs mature within 4-6 hours. Embryonated eggs are ingested by humans Larvae hatch in the small intestine Adults in the lumen of the cecum Females migrate to perianal region at night to lay eggs
52
Main symptom of pinworms
Perianal pruitis
53
Tx for pinworms
Pyrantel pamoate or bendazoles
54
Sx of strongolides sterocaralis
dry couch, throat irritation skin itchy and red at entry site Recurrent raised red rash typically along thighs and buttock
55
Life cycle of nec. americanus
Larvae in soil - penetrate skin - go to circulatory system - go to lungs- cough - then swallow - small intesting
56
Sx of nec. americanus
pruritic popular erythematous rash | bloodsuckers so iron deficiency anemia
57
tx for Nec. americanus
Bendazole or pyrantel pamoate
58
Tx for Strongolides stercoralis
Ivermectin or bendazoles
59
Trichuris tx
Bendazole
60
Trichuris symptoms
May be asymptomatic Loose stools Anemia Rectal prolapse in children
61
Trichuris appearance
barrel shaped
62
Giant roundworm
Ascaris Lumbricoides
63
Charcot Leyden crystals
Ascaris Lumbricoides | Breakdown of eosinophils and may be seen in stool or sputum of patients
64
Diphyllobothrium
FIsh tapeworm Vitamin B12 deficiency (tapeworm competes for B12 in intestine) Megaloblastic anemia
65
Tx for Ascaris
Bendazoles
66
Tx for Diphyllobothrium
Praziquantel
67
Taenia is found where?
Beef and pork
68
Tx for taenia
Praziquantel
69
Echinococcus sx
pain of discomfort in abdominal region or chest
70
tx for echinococcus
albendazole

GI (Maja) (4 decks)

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