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GI (Maja) > Bacteria, Parasites, Viruses and other stuff that makes you sick > Flashcards

Bacteria, Parasites, Viruses and other stuff that makes you sick Flashcards

1
Q

Morphological breakdown of staph aureus

A

Gram + cocci cluster
Catalase +
Coagulase +
Non spore forming

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2
Q

Pathogenic features of staph aureus

A

Enterotoxin –> binds MHC II and TCR outside to cause release of IL-1, IL-2, IFNg and TNFa –> shock

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3
Q

What other diseases do you see staph aureus

A

Surgical wounds

Scalded skin syndrome

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4
Q

Sx of staph aureus ingestion

A

Nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhea 1-3 days.
1-7 hours after ingestion
SELF LIMITING

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5
Q

Abx for staph food poisoning?

A

No, self limiting due to the effect being from enterotoxin

Supportive care

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6
Q

Bacillus cereus breakdown

A

G+ box car bacilli
endospore forming
mostly motile
b hemolytic

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7
Q

Bacillus cereus enterotoxin

A

emetic: form holes in membrane (cereulide)
Diarrhea: enterotoxin is HMW and therefore draws intestinal fluid secretion

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8
Q

Reservoir for bacillus cereus

A

rice, pasta

watch out for the Chinese food

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9
Q

Treatment for bacillus cereus

A

abx for vulnerable populations (Vanco, clinda)

Supportive care for most

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10
Q

Campylobacter jejuni morphlogy

A 
Gram - negative bacilli (spirilli)
microaerophilic
motile
cold sensitive
Grow at 42 degree C
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11
Q

How is campylobacter jejuni transmitted?

A

Zoonosis
Fecal to oral transmission
Reservoir: poultry, undercooked meat, unpasteurized milk, infected animals

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12
Q

Symptoms of C. jejuni infection?

A

BLOODY DIARRHEA
cramping
fever

complication: Guillain Barre, reactive arthritis

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13
Q

How do you culture c. jejuni

A

Karmali agar

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14
Q

Why is clostridium perfringens different from other clostridium?

A

NON MOTILE

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15
Q

Pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens?

A

Enterotoxin
Binds to receptors in endothelial cell junctions, then generates pores in host mucosa cells.
Phospholipase degrades tissues and cell membranes

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16
Q

Clostridium perfringens reservoir?

A

food prepared in large quantities and kept warm (cafeterias)

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17
Q

Clostridium botulinum path?

A

Neurotxoin - inhibits ach release at nm junction

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18
Q

Why can’t babies have honey?

A

C. Botulinum toxin

Would see - lethargy, poor feeding, constipation, weak cry, poor muscle tone, paralysis of resp. system

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19
Q

Tx for botulism toxin?

A

Laxatives, enemas
Ventilator if respiratory failure
Antitoxin if paralysis not complete

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20
Q

C diff morphology?

A

G+ bacilli
spore forming
obligate anaerobe
motile

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21
Q

C diff pathogenesis?

A

Toxin A: Enterotoxin, binds brush border of gut and alters fluid secretion

Toxin B: cytotoxin disrupts cytoskeleton by actin depolymerization

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22
Q

Tx for c diff

A

fecal transplantation

Metronidazole or oral vanco

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23
Q

Salmonella morphological breakdown

A 
Gram - bacilli
non spore forming 
H2S positive
lactose negative
motile 
flagellated
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24
Q

Salmonella enterica pathogenesis

A

Genes mediate closure of ion channels so water and electrolytes secreted into lumen

Diarrhea

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25
Q

Salmonella typhi pathogenesis

A

endotoxin; Vi capsule

High fevers, weakness, headache, stomach pains, loss of appetite, constipation THEN diarrhea, rash or flat rose colored spots

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26
Q

abx for typhoid fever?

A

Ceftriaxone or fluoroquinolones

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27
Q

Shigella morphology

A 
G - bacilli
facultative anaerobe
non motile
non spore forming
lactose negative
H2S negative
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28
Q

Shigella pathogenesis

A

Shiga toxin

Invasive through M cells. Actin rockets to move around Shiga toxin (verotoxin ) acts on vascular endothelial cells (AB toxin)

GI mucosal damage - dysentery.
Enhanced cytokine release leads to HUS

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29
Q

Listeria morphology

A 
G+ bacilli
non fastidious
flagellated
motile
non spore forming
oxidase -
30
Q

Listeria tx

A

ampicillin

31
Q

Vibrio Cholera morphology

A

Cholera toxin activates Gs - increases cAMP - decreased Na - increased chloride excretion.
Water moves into the lumen
Acid labile

32
Q

What do cholera stools look like?

A

rice water stools

33
Q

E coli morphology

A 
G - bacillus
facultative anaerobe
motile
non spore forming
mainly lactose +
34
Q

EHEC pathogenesis

O157:H7

A

Shiga like toxin enhances cytokine release causing HUS

35
Q

ETEC pathogenesis

A

Heat labile toxin : activates adenylate cyclase - increase cAMP - increase CL secretion causing water into lumen (efflux)

Heat stabile toxin: Activates guanylate cyclase - increased cGMP - decreased resorption of NaCl and water in the gut

36
Q

Beaver fever (yikes)

A

Giardia

37
Q

MOA of giardia

A

loss of epithelial cell surface area

cysts in water

38
Q

Symptoms of giardia

A

Foul smelling diarrhea, Flatulence

stools are greasy tend to float (fat)

39
Q

Cryptosporidium MOA

A

absorption impaired and secretion enhanced when intestinal epithelial cells are infected.
Disrupts epithelial microvilli, slides into host cells, enveloping itself in the host cell membrane
Opportunistic

40
Q

Crypto symptoms

A

Water frequent non bloody stool

41
Q

Tx Giardia

A

Metronidazole

42
Q

Tx of crypto

A

Nitazoxanide in immunocompromised

Prevention/supportive in rest

43
Q

What causes amebic dysentery

A

Entamoeba histolytica

44
Q

MOA of entamoeba?

A

Cytotoxic in large intestine
Maximally tissue invasive, adhere and kill, phagocytose
Mucosal cell invasion: replication, cysts in feces
Blood vessel invasion: amebic hepatits

45
Q

What unicellular parasite goes to liver to cause hepatitis?

A

Entamoeba

46
Q

Sx of entamoeba?

A

Bloody mucus loose stools

47
Q

tx of entamoeba?

A

Metronidazole

Paromomycin or iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers

48
Q

What is the scientific name for pinworms/roundworms?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

49
Q

Most common helminth infection in the US

A

Enterobius vermicularis

50
Q

How is enterobius vermicularis acquired?

A

ingestion of pinworm eggs.

Very common in day cares etc.

51
Q

Life cycle of pinworms

A

Eggs on perianal folds. Larvae inside eggs mature within 4-6 hours.
Embryonated eggs are ingested by humans
Larvae hatch in the small intestine
Adults in the lumen of the cecum
Females migrate to perianal region at night to lay eggs

52
Q

Main symptom of pinworms

A

Perianal pruitis

53
Q

Tx for pinworms

A

Pyrantel pamoate or bendazoles

54
Q

Sx of strongolides sterocaralis

A

dry couch, throat irritation
skin itchy and red at entry site
Recurrent raised red rash typically along thighs and buttock

55
Q

Life cycle of nec. americanus

A

Larvae in soil - penetrate skin - go to circulatory system - go to lungs- cough - then swallow - small intesting

56
Q

Sx of nec. americanus

A

pruritic popular erythematous rash

bloodsuckers so iron deficiency anemia

57
Q

tx for Nec. americanus

A

Bendazole or pyrantel pamoate

58
Q

Tx for Strongolides stercoralis

A

Ivermectin or bendazoles

59
Q

Trichuris tx

A

Bendazole

60
Q

Trichuris symptoms

A

May be asymptomatic
Loose stools
Anemia
Rectal prolapse in children

61
Q

Trichuris appearance

A

barrel shaped

62
Q

Giant roundworm

A

Ascaris Lumbricoides

63
Q

Charcot Leyden crystals

A

Ascaris Lumbricoides

Breakdown of eosinophils and may be seen in stool or sputum of patients

64
Q

Diphyllobothrium

A

FIsh tapeworm
Vitamin B12 deficiency (tapeworm competes for B12 in intestine)
Megaloblastic anemia

65
Q

Tx for Ascaris

A

Bendazoles

66
Q

Tx for Diphyllobothrium

A

Praziquantel

67
Q

Taenia is found where?

A

Beef and pork

68
Q

Tx for taenia

A

Praziquantel

69
Q

Echinococcus sx

A

pain of discomfort in abdominal region or chest

70
Q

tx for echinococcus

A

albendazole

GI (Maja) (4 decks)

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